Recombinant Proteins(重组蛋白)
Recombinant proteins are a new combination of genes that forms DNA. Recombinant DNA technology allows for the production of wild type and modified human and mammalian proteins at bulk quantities. Recombinant proteins are made from cloned DNA sequences which usually encode an enzyme or protein with known function
Recombinant proteins are made through genetic engineering, also called gene splicing or recombinant DNA technology. By putting human, animal or plant genes into the genetic material of bacteria, mammalian or yeast cells, these microorganisms can be used as factories or producers to make proteins for medical, academic and research uses.
A vector is simply a tool for manipulating DNA and can be viewed as a "transport vehicle" for the production of proteins from specific DNA sequences cloned into them. Purification and expression of a protein can sometimes be quite complicated & time-consuming, therefore an additional tag is used in addition to the specific DNA sequence which will facilitate the purification & expresion of the recombinant protein.
Recombinant Proteins are proteins that their DNA that has been created artificially. DNA from 2 or more sources which is incorporated into a single recombinant molecule. The DNA is first treated with restriction endonuclease enzyme which the ends of the cut have an overhanging piece of single-stranded DNA. These are called "sticky ends" because they are able to base pair with any DNA molecule containing the complementary sticky end. DNA ligase covalently links the two strands into 1 recombinant DNA molecule.
Recombinant DNA molecule must be replicated many times to provide material for analysis & sequencing. Producing many identical copies of the same recombinant DNA molecule is called cloning. Cloning is done in vitro, by a process called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cloning in vivo can be done in unicellular microbessuch as E. coli, unicellular eukaryotes like yeast and in mammalian cells grown in tissue culture.
Recombinant DNA must be taken up by the cell in a form in which it can be replicated and expressed. This is achieved by incorporating the DNA in a vector. A number of viruses (both bacterial and of mammalian cells) can serve as vectors.
Recombinant DNA is also sometimes referred to as chimera. When combining two or more different strands of DNA.There are 3 different methods by which Recombinant DNA is made. 1. Transformation, 2. Phage-Transfection 3.Yeast, Plant & Mammalian Transformation. When using the method of transformation one needs to select a piece of DNA to be inserted into a vector, cut a piece of DNA with a restriction enzyme and ligate the DNA insert into the vector with DNA Ligase. The insert contains a selectable marker which allows for identification of recombinant molecules. An antibiotic marker is used in order to cause death for a host cell which does not contain the vector when exposed to a certain antibiotic.
Trasnformation is the insertion of the vector into the host cell. The host cells are prepared to take up the foreign DNA. Selectable markers are used for antibiotic resistance, color changes, or any other characteristic which can distinguish transformed hosts from untransformed hosts. Yeast, Plant & Mammalian Transformation is done by micro-injecting the DNA into the nucleus of the cell being transformed. Phage-Transfection process, is equivalent to transformation except for the fact that phage lambda or MI3 is used instead of bacteria.
These phages produce plaques which contain recombinant proteins which can be easily distinguished from the non-recombinant proteins by various selection methods.
Significant amounts of recombinant protein are produced by the host only when expression genes are added. The Protein’s expression depends on the genes which surround the DNA of interest, this collection of genes act as signals which provide instructions for the transcription and translation of the DNA of interest by the cell. These signals include the promoter, ribosome binding site, and terminator.
The recombinant DNA is inserted into expression vectors which contain the promoter, ribosome binding site, and terminator.
In prokaryotic systems, the promoter, ribosome binding site, and terminator have to be from the same host since the bacteria is unlikely to understand the signals of human promoters and terminators. The designated gene must not contain human introns since the bacteria does not recognize it and this results in premature termination, and the recombinant protein may not be processed correctly, be folded correctly, or may even be degraded.
The peptide sequence can be added as an extension at the N-terminal. Researchers can select the specific purification system which they would like to use. The unique vectors available contain several features needed for the production of bulk quantities of the target protein. The peptide sequence is usually placed in the vector so that it is designed to be a point of attack for a specific protease. Thus, after the recombinant protein is expressed and extracted from bacteria, specific peptide extension can be used to purify the protein and subsequently removed from the target protein to generate a nearly natural sequence on the final product.
6 or more consistent Histidine residues act as a metal binding site for recombinant protein purification and expression. The hexa-His sequence is called a His-Tag sequence which can be placed on the N-terminal of a target protein by using vectors from various commercial molecular biology companies. The His-Tag contains a cleavage site for a specific protease. His-Tag recombinant proteins are purified by Metal Chelate Affinity Chromatography such as nickel ion columns that are used as the heavy metal ion and the His-Tag protein is eluted from the metal-chelate column with Histidine or imidazole. Then the purified His-Tag protein is treated with the specific protease to cleave off the His-Tag or not if the tag doesn’t affect the active site of the protein.
Proteins have metal binding sites which can be used for the purification of recombinant and natural proteins. This type of purification is rather simple when using a gel bead which is covalently modified so that it displays a chelator group for binding a heavy metal ion like Ni2+ or Zn2+. The chelating group on the gel bead contains a small amount of the ligands needed to hold the metal ion. So when the protein’s metal binding site finds the heavy metal, it will bind by providing the ligands from its metal binding site to attach to the metal ion displayed on the chelator location of the gel bead. This purification method is quite identical to affinity chromatography when purifying metal-binding class of proteins.
Products for Recombinant Proteins
- Actin(7)
- ADAM(3)
- Adaptor-Related Protein Complex(3)
- ADP-Ribosylation Factor(21)
- Ag85(2)
- Albumin(6)
- Allergy(156)
- Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein(4)
- Anaplasma(3)
- Angiogenin(2)
- Ankyrin Repeat Domain(5)
- Annexin(20)
- Anterior Gradient Protein(3)
- ASF1 Anti-Silencing Function 1(2)
- ATP Synthase Mitochondrial(3)
- ATPase(9)
- Autophagy Related(4)
- B Cell Lymphoma(24)
- B9 Protein(2)
- Babesia Microti(3)
- Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing(3)
- Bartonella H.(3)
- Basic Transcription Factor(2)
- BATF(2)
- Bax(2)
- Beta 2 Microglobulin(3)
- BID(4)
- Biglycan(3)
- Bridging Integrator(2)
- Bromodomain Containing(3)
- Cadherin(8)
- Calbindin(4)
- Calcium Binding Protein(30)
- Calmodulin(4)
- Calpain(2)
- Calponin(2)
- Calreticulin(2)
- Calumenin(2)
- Candida Albicans(4)
- Canopy FGF Signaling Regulator(3)
- Capping Protein(2)
- Caspase Recruitment Domain Family(2)
- CCR4-NOT Transcription Complex(2)
- CEA(9)
- CEBP(2)
- Cell Division Cycle(5)
- Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein(2)
- Centrin(3)
- Centromere Protein(7)
- Charged Multivesicular Body Protein(3)
- Chloride Intracellular Channel(2)
- Chromatin Modifying Protein(4)
- Chromobox(3)
- Chromogranin(6)
- Chromosome Open Reading Frame(17)
- Clathrin(2)
- Coagulation Factors(7)
- Cofilin(2)
- Coiled-Coil Domain(9)
- Collagen(16)
- COMM Domain Containing(4)
- Complement Component(55)
- COP9 Signalosome(3)
- C-Reactive Protein(6)
- Crystallin(13)
- C-type Lectin Domain(11)
- CUE Domain Containing(2)
- Cystatin(25)
- Cysteine-Rich(2)
- Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein(3)
- Cytochrome(9)
- Cytohesin(4)
- Cytokeratin(14)
- DCUN1D(3)
- DEAD Box Protein(2)
- Decorin(3)
- Density Lipoprotein(8)
- Developmental Pluripotency Associated(3)
- Dickkopf-Related Protein(7)
- DiGeorge Syndrome Critical Region(2)
- DNA-Damage Protein(7)
- Dynactin(4)
- Dynein Light Chain(7)
- Dysbindin(2)
- Ectodysplasin(4)
- Elongator Acetyltransferase Complex(2)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein(3)
- Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule 1(4)
- EPH Receptor(6)
- Ephrin(13)
- ERCC(1)
- Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor(21)
- Exosome Component(6)
- FABP(28)
- Family with Sequence Similarity(8)
- F-Box Protein(1)
- Ferritin(3)
- Fibrinogen(3)
- Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing(2)
- Four And A Half LIM(2)
- Fragile Histidine Triad(2)
- G Antigen(3)
- GABA(A) Receptor-Associated Protein(3)
- Gastrokine(3)
- GDP Dissociation Inhibitor(2)
- General Transcription Factor(6)
- GIPC PDZ Domain(2)
- Gliadin(3)
- Glycophorin(3)
- Glycoprotein Nmb(3)
- Glypican(3)
- Gremlin(2)
- GTPase IMAP Family(2)
- GTP-Binding Protein(2)
- Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein(11)
- Hairy and Enhancer of Split(2)
- Haptoglobin(5)
- Heat Shock Protein(66)
- Hematological And Neurological Expressed(2)
- Hemoglobin(8)
- Hemopexin(3)
- High-Mobility Group(8)
- HINT(2)
- HLA(8)
- HNRNP(3)
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor(3)
- IMPAD1(4)
- Ig Heavy Chain Constant Region(7)
- Inhibitor of DNA Binding(2)
- Inhibitor of Growth Family(2)
- Integrin(52)
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule(9)
- Junctional Adhesion Molecule(3)
- Karyopherin(2)
- KCTD(4)
- Killer Cell(8)
- Killer Cell Lectin-like Receptor(9)
- Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene(2)
- Kruppel-Like Factor(6)
- Lactoferrin(3)
- LBP(3)
- Leukocyte Cell Derived Chemotaxin(3)
- Leukocyte-Associated Ig-Like Receptor(3)
- LIN Protein(5)
- Listeriolysin(2)
- LRG1(3)
- Lymphocyte Antigen(3)
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein(3)
- MAD2(2)
- MAF(3)
- Mago-Nashi Homolog(2)
- Maltose Binding Protein(3)
- Mediator Complex(5)
- Melanoma Antigen Family A(8)
- Member RAS Oncogene Family(40)
- Mesoderm Development Candidate(2)
- Methylmalonic Aciduria(2)
- MHC class I chain-related gene(3)
- Microfibrillar Associated Protein(4)
- Microtubule-Associated Protein(8)
- Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein(8)
- Mitochondrial Transcription Factor(2)
- Mortality Factor(2)
- Myelin Basic Protein(1)
- Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein(4)
- Myoglobin(4)
- Myosin Light Chain(12)
- Myxovirus(3)
- NANOG(4)
- NCK Adaptor Protein(2)
- NECTIN(3)
- Nescient Helix Loop Helix(2)
- Neuronal Calcium Sensor(2)
- Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor(2)
- NFKB Inhibitor(5)
- NHP2(2)
- N-Myc Downstream Regulated(3)
- Non-Metastatic Cells(7)
- NPM(2)
- NTF2-like Export Factor(1)
- Nucleobindin(2)
- Nucleopurin(2)
- Nucleosome Assembly Protein(2)
- Orosomucoid(5)
- Other(755)
- Outer Membrane Protein(1)
- p53(20)
- Paired Box(2)
- Parkinson Disease Protein(3)
- Parvalbumin(2)
- PCNA(2)
- PDZ Domain Containing(2)
- Pentraxin(3)
- Peroxisomal Biogenesis Factor(2)
- PHD Finger Protein(2)
- Phosducin-Like(2)
- Phosphatase and Tensin(1)
- Phospholipid Scramblase(2)
- PIH1 Domain Containing(2)
- Pim Oncogene(2)
- PITPN(2)
- Polymerase (RNA) (DNA directed) Polypeptide(7)
- Prefoldin(5)
- Pregnancy Specific Beta-1-Glycoprotein(4)
- Prion Protein(2)
- Processing Of Precursor(2)
- Profilin(4)
- Programmed Cell Death(8)
- Prohibitin(2)
- Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin(1)
- Protein C-Ets(2)
- Protein Phosphatase(2)
- Prothymosin(2)
- RAD51(9)
- RAN Binding Protein(2)
- Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate(5)
- RASSF(2)
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein(2)
- Regenerating Islet-Derived(4)
- Regulator of Calcineurin(3)
- Regulator of G-Protein Signaling(9)
- Related RAS Viral (r-ras) Oncogene(2)
- Relaxin(3)
- Renin(5)
- Reticulocalbin(2)
- Retinoblastoma(3)
- Retinoic Acid Early Transcript(6)
- Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder(4)
- Rho Family GTPase(2)
- Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor(2)
- Ribosomal Protein(30)
- Ring Finger Protein(5)
- RNA Binding Motif Protein(3)
- R-Spondin(4)
- RWD Domain Containing(2)
- Sclerostin(3)
- SDHAF(2)
- Secretagogin(2)
- Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein(6)
- Secretoglobin(4)
- Secretogranin(2)
- Selectin(7)
- Selenoprotein(2)
- Septin(3)
- Serglycin(2)
- Serine Peptidase Inhibitor(3)
- Serpin(27)
- SERTA Domain Containing(2)
- SH2 Domain(2)
- SH3 Domain(6)
- SIGLEC(5)
- Signal Recognition Particle(2)
- Signal Sequence Receptor(3)
- Signal-Regulatory Protein(6)
- Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein(2)
- Sirtuin(35)
- SLAM Family(5)
- SMAD(3)
- SNRP(15)
- Solute Carrier Family(3)
- Sorting Nexin(2)
- SPSB(1)
- sRAGE(3)
- SRY (Sex Determining Region Y)-Box(3)
- Stathmin(4)
- STIP(3)
- Streptavidin Proteins(5)
- Superoxide Dismutase(36)
- Surfeit(2)
- Synaptobrevin(11)
- Synaptosomal Associated Protein(5)
- Synaptotagmin(5)
- Syndecan(5)
- Syntaxin(10)
- Synuclein(7)
- Tachykinin(2)
- TAR DNA(4)
- TBC1 Domain Family(2)
- TCL(2)
- THAP Domain(4)
- Thioredoxin(15)
- TIGAR(3)
- Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor(3)
- TNF receptor-Associated Factor(2)
- Toll Like Receptor(1)
- Trafficking Protein Particle Complex(4)
- Transcription Elongation Factor(9)
- Transferrin(3)
- Transforming Growth Factor Beta Induced(5)
- Transgelin(2)
- Translocase Of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane(2)
- Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells(2)
- Tripartite Motif(4)
- Tropomyosin(3)
- Troponin(16)
- TROVE Domain Family(3)
- Trypsin(4)
- TTC(3)
- Tubulin Folding Cofactor(5)
- Tubulin Gamma(2)
- U6 Small Nuclear RNA(5)
- Ubiquinol-Cytochrome C Reductase(3)
- Ubiquitin(16)
- UCHL1(4)
- UL16 binding protein(7)
- Uroplakin(2)
- Vacuolar Protein Sorting(7)
- Vascular cell adhesion molecule(5)
- V-crk Sarcoma Virus CT10(2)
- Vimentin(3)
- Visinin-Like Protein(2)
- V-ral Simian Leukemia Viral Oncogene(3)
- WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain(2)
- Y. Enterocolitica(8)
- Zinc Finger(16)
- Default Categoryobox(9)
- Default Categoryr Homolog(3)
- MOB1(2)
- POU Class(4)
- Protein-A(24)
- SIX Default Categoryobox(2)
- Synovial Sarcoma(2)
- Mps One Binder Kinase Activator(2)
- X Breakpoint(2)
- TROP2(1)
- AIM2(1)
- p62(3)
- Transferrin Receptor(1)
- Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
-
GP24361
Recoverin Human
Recoverin Human Recombinant
-
GP24360
RCN3 Human
Reticulocalbin 3 Human Recombinant
-
GP24359
RCN1 Human
Reticulocalbin 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP24358
RCHY1 Human
Ring Finger & CHY Zinc Finger Domain Containing 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP24357
RCAN3 Human
Regulator of Calcineurin 3 Human Recombinant
-
GP24356
RCAN2 Human
Regulator of Calcineurin 2 Human Recombinant
-
GP24355
RCAN1 Human
Regulator of Calcineurin 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP24354
CALB1 Rat
Calbindin-1 Rat Recombinant
-
GP24353
RBM18 Human
RNA Binding Motif Protein 18 Human Recombinant
-
GP24352
RBM17 Human
RNA Binding Motif Protein 17 Human Recombinant
-
GP24351
RBM11 Human
RNA Binding Motif Protein 11 Human Recombinant
-
GP24350
RBM3 Human
RNA Binding Motif Protein 3 Human Recombinant
-
GP24349
RBBP9 Human
Retinoblastoma Binding Protein 9 Human Recombinant
-
GP24348
RBBP4 Human
Retinoblastoma Binding Protein 4 Human Recombinant
-
GP24347
RB1 Human
Retinoblastoma Associated Protein Human Recombinant
-
GP24346
RASL12 Human
RAS-Like Family 12 Human Recombinant
-
GP24345
RASSF3 Human
Ras Association Domain-Containing Protein 3 Human Recombinant
-
GP24344
RASSF1A Human
Ras association domain-containing protein 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP24343
RASD2 Human
RASD Family Member 2 Human Recombinant
-
GP24342
RARRES2 Human, Sf9
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant, Sf9
-
GP24341
RARRES2 Human, His
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant, His Tag
-
GP24340
RARRES2 Human
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant
-
GP24339
RARRES1 Human
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP24338
RARA Human
Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha Human Recombinant
-
GP24337
RAPSN Mouse
Receptor-Associated Protein Of The Synapse Mouse Recombinant
-
GP24336
RAP2A Human
RAP2A, Member RAS Oncogene Family Human Recombinant
-
GP24335
RAP2B Human
RAP2B, Member RAS Oncogene Family Human Recombinant
-
GP24334
RAP1B Human
RAP1B, Member RAS Oncogene Family Human Recombinant
-
GP24333
RAP1A Human
RAP1A, Member RAS Oncogene Family Human Recombinant
-
GP24332
RANGRF Human
RAN Guanine Nucleotide Release Factor Human Recombinant
-
GP24331
RANBP3 Human
RAN Binding Protein 3 Human Recombinant
-
GP24330
RANBP1 Human
RAN Binding Protein 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP24329
RAN Human
RAN, Member RAS Oncogene Family Human Recombinant
-
GP24328
RAMP3 Human
Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 3 Human Recombinant
-
GP24327
RAMP1 Human
Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP24326
RALY Human
RALY Human Recombinant
-
GP24325
RALB Human
V-ral Simian Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog B Human Recombinant
-
GP24324
RALA Mouse
V-ral Simian Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog A Mouse Recombinant
-
GP24323
RALA Human
V-ral Simian Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog A Human Recombinant
-
GP24322
RAET1G Human
Retinoic Acid Early Transcript 1G Human Recombinant
-
GP24321
RAET1E Mouse
Retinoic Acid Early Transcript 1E Mouse Recombinant
-
GP24320
RAET1E Human, IgG-His
Retinoic Acid Early Transcript 1E Human Recombinant, IgG-His Tag
-
GP24319
RAET1E Human, Sf9
Retinoic Acid Early Transcript 1E Human Recombinant, Sf9
-
GP24318
RAET1E Human
Retinoic Acid Early Transcript 1E Human Recombinant
-
GP24317
RAD51D (1-328) Human
RAD51D (1-328 a.a.) Human Recombinant
-
GP24316
RAD51D Human
RAD51D Human Recombinant
-
GP24315
RAD51B Human
RAD51B Human Recombinant
-
GP24314
RAD1 Human
RAD1 Human Recombinant
-
GP24313
RAC3 Human
Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 3 Human Recombinant
-
GP24312
RAC2 Human, 189a.a
Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 2 (1-189) Human Recombinant