Immunology/Inflammation(免疫及炎症)
The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].
BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].
Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].
References
[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.
[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.
[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.
[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.
[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.
[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.
[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.
[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.
Products for Immunology/Inflammation
- 5-Lipoxygenase(10)
- Papain(1)
- PGDS(1)
- PGE synthase(23)
- SIKs(9)
- IκB/IKK(61)
- AP-1(1)
- KEAP1-Nrf2(55)
- NOD1(1)
- TLR(94)
- NF-κB(203)
- Interleukin Related(84)
- 15-lipoxygenase(2)
- Others(63)
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(28)
- CD73(10)
- Complement System(37)
- Galectin(8)
- IFNAR(12)
- NO Synthase(62)
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)(28)
- STING(77)
- Reactive Oxygen Species(374)
- Apoptosis(453)
- FKBP(19)
- eNOS(4)
- iNOS(24)
- nNOS(19)
- Glutathione(36)
- Adaptive Immunity(144)
- Allergy(96)
- Arthritis(25)
- Autoimmunity(131)
- Gastric Disease(64)
- Immunosuppressants(27)
- Immunotherapeutics(3)
- Innate Immunity(408)
- Pulmonary Diseases(76)
- Reactive Nitrogen Species(42)
- Reactive Sulfur Species(24)
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators(42)
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(1)
- Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
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GP26368
Tri a 14.0101
Recombinant Non-Specific Lipid-Transfer Protein Tri a 14 produced in SF9 is a glycosylated, polypeptide chain having a calculated molecular mass of 13kDa
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GP26367
Pen a 1.0101
Recombinant Tropomyosin Pen a 1
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GP26366
MALD3
Recombinant Non-Specific Lipid-Transfer Protein Mal d 3 produced in SF9 is a glycosylated, polypeptide chain having a calculated molecular mass of 12kDa
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GP26365
Cor a 14.0101
Recombinant 2S albumin produced in SF9 is a glycosylated, polypeptide chain having a calculated molecular mass of 14kDa
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GP26364
Cor a 9
The native protein Corylus Avellana Cor a 9 is purified from hazelnut by protein chemical methods
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GP26363
Cor a 8.0101
Recombinant Non-specific Lipid-Transfer Protein Cor a 8 produced in SF9 is a glycosylated, polypeptide chain having a calculated molecular mass of 11kDa
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GP26025
LGALS3 Mouse, Active
LGALS3 Mouse Recombinant produced in E
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GP26024
LGALS2 Mouse, Active
LGALS2 Mouse Recombinant produced in E
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GC26091
ZLc002
ZLc-002 is a selective inhibitor of nNOS-Capon coupling. ZLc-002 suppresses inflammatory nociception and chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain.
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GC25314
CU-CPD107
CU-CPD107 is a selective, dual-activity small-molecule which demonstrated differential activity against the TLR8 agonists and ssRNA ligands. In the presence of R848, CU-CPD107 acts as a TLR8 signaling inhibitor (IC50=13.7 μM). In the presence of ssRNA, CU-CPD107 shows synergistic agonist activities, while CU-CPD107 alone is unable to influence TLR8 signaling.
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GC25014
3',3'-cGAMP
3',3'-cGAMP (3',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP, Cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP) activates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thereby inducing an antiviral state and the secretion of type I IFNs.
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GC67968
ALPK1-IN-2
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GC67966
Methylstat
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GC67936
Lupiwighteone
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GC67903
RIDR-PI-103
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GC67892
CHD-5
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GC67890
PHA 408
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GC67859
Clerodendrin
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GC67792
NSC49652
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GC67748
Brodalumab
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GC67721
CP-447697
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GC67719
SN-001
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GC67699
TLR8 agonist 5
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GC52516
Erbstatin
A tyrosine kinase inhibitor
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GC52514
Arachidonic Acid-d11 ethyl ester
An internal standard for the quantification of arachidonic acid ethyl ester
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GC52505
Ganglioside GT1b (bovine) (sodium salt)
A sphingolipid
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GC52501
2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate (lithium salt)
An inhibitor of reverse transcriptases and DNA polymerases
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GC52499
Abz-Ala-Pro-Glu-Glu-Ile-Met-Arg-Arg-Gln-EDDnp (trifluoroacetate salt)
A sensitive substrate for neutrophil elastase
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GC52496
Sulfatide (bovine) (sodium salt)
A mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides
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GC52492
Globotriaosylceramide (hydroxy) (porcine RBC)
A sphingolipid
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GC52491
Globotriaosylceramide (non-hydroxy) (porcine RBC)
A sphingolipid
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GC52489
Ceramide (hydroxy) (bovine spinal cord)
A sphingolipid
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GC52487
Ganglioside GM4 (chicken egg) (ammonium salt)
A sphingolipid
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GC52486
Ceramide Phosphoethanolamine (bovine)
A sphingolipid
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GC52485
Ceramide (non-hydroxy) (bovine spinal cord)
A sphingolipid
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GC52483
Fucosylated Ganglioside GM1 (porcine) (ammonium salt)
A sphingolipid
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GC52476
Bax Inhibitor Peptide V5 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A Bax inhibitor
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GC52475
Zanamivir-13C,15N2 (hydrate)
An internal standard for the quantification of zanamivir
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GC52473
NVP-AAM077
An NMDA receptor antagonist
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GC52472
Inostamycin A (sodium salt)
A bacterial metabolite with anticancer activity
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GC52471
7(S),10(S)-DiHOME
An antibacterial hydroxy fatty acid
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GC52469
CL2A-SN-38 (dichloroacetic acid salt)
An antibody-drug conjugate containing SN-38
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GC52468
Benanomicin B
A microbial metabolite with antifungal, fungicidal, and antiviral activities
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GC52467
Cell Death Screening Library
For screening a variety of cell death pathways
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GC52457
WRW4 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide antagonist of FPR2 and FPR3
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GC52455
Pixantrone-d8 (maleate)
An internal standard for the quantification of pixantrone
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GC52446
2-Nonylquinolin-4(1H)-one-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of 2-nonylquinolin-4(1H)-one
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GC52445
2-nonyl-3-hydroxy-4-Quinolone-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of 2-nonyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone
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GC52442
(D)-PPA 1 (trifluoroacetate salt)
An inhibitor of the PD-1-PD-L1 protein-protein interaction
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GC52436
TRAP-6 amide (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide PAR1 agonist