Recombinant Proteins(重组蛋白)
Recombinant proteins are a new combination of genes that forms DNA. Recombinant DNA technology allows for the production of wild type and modified human and mammalian proteins at bulk quantities. Recombinant proteins are made from cloned DNA sequences which usually encode an enzyme or protein with known function
Recombinant proteins are made through genetic engineering, also called gene splicing or recombinant DNA technology. By putting human, animal or plant genes into the genetic material of bacteria, mammalian or yeast cells, these microorganisms can be used as factories or producers to make proteins for medical, academic and research uses.
A vector is simply a tool for manipulating DNA and can be viewed as a "transport vehicle" for the production of proteins from specific DNA sequences cloned into them. Purification and expression of a protein can sometimes be quite complicated & time-consuming, therefore an additional tag is used in addition to the specific DNA sequence which will facilitate the purification & expresion of the recombinant protein.
Recombinant Proteins are proteins that their DNA that has been created artificially. DNA from 2 or more sources which is incorporated into a single recombinant molecule. The DNA is first treated with restriction endonuclease enzyme which the ends of the cut have an overhanging piece of single-stranded DNA. These are called "sticky ends" because they are able to base pair with any DNA molecule containing the complementary sticky end. DNA ligase covalently links the two strands into 1 recombinant DNA molecule.
Recombinant DNA molecule must be replicated many times to provide material for analysis & sequencing. Producing many identical copies of the same recombinant DNA molecule is called cloning. Cloning is done in vitro, by a process called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cloning in vivo can be done in unicellular microbessuch as E. coli, unicellular eukaryotes like yeast and in mammalian cells grown in tissue culture.
Recombinant DNA must be taken up by the cell in a form in which it can be replicated and expressed. This is achieved by incorporating the DNA in a vector. A number of viruses (both bacterial and of mammalian cells) can serve as vectors.
Recombinant DNA is also sometimes referred to as chimera. When combining two or more different strands of DNA.There are 3 different methods by which Recombinant DNA is made. 1. Transformation, 2. Phage-Transfection 3.Yeast, Plant & Mammalian Transformation. When using the method of transformation one needs to select a piece of DNA to be inserted into a vector, cut a piece of DNA with a restriction enzyme and ligate the DNA insert into the vector with DNA Ligase. The insert contains a selectable marker which allows for identification of recombinant molecules. An antibiotic marker is used in order to cause death for a host cell which does not contain the vector when exposed to a certain antibiotic.
Trasnformation is the insertion of the vector into the host cell. The host cells are prepared to take up the foreign DNA. Selectable markers are used for antibiotic resistance, color changes, or any other characteristic which can distinguish transformed hosts from untransformed hosts. Yeast, Plant & Mammalian Transformation is done by micro-injecting the DNA into the nucleus of the cell being transformed. Phage-Transfection process, is equivalent to transformation except for the fact that phage lambda or MI3 is used instead of bacteria.
These phages produce plaques which contain recombinant proteins which can be easily distinguished from the non-recombinant proteins by various selection methods.
Significant amounts of recombinant protein are produced by the host only when expression genes are added. The Protein’s expression depends on the genes which surround the DNA of interest, this collection of genes act as signals which provide instructions for the transcription and translation of the DNA of interest by the cell. These signals include the promoter, ribosome binding site, and terminator.
The recombinant DNA is inserted into expression vectors which contain the promoter, ribosome binding site, and terminator.
In prokaryotic systems, the promoter, ribosome binding site, and terminator have to be from the same host since the bacteria is unlikely to understand the signals of human promoters and terminators. The designated gene must not contain human introns since the bacteria does not recognize it and this results in premature termination, and the recombinant protein may not be processed correctly, be folded correctly, or may even be degraded.
The peptide sequence can be added as an extension at the N-terminal. Researchers can select the specific purification system which they would like to use. The unique vectors available contain several features needed for the production of bulk quantities of the target protein. The peptide sequence is usually placed in the vector so that it is designed to be a point of attack for a specific protease. Thus, after the recombinant protein is expressed and extracted from bacteria, specific peptide extension can be used to purify the protein and subsequently removed from the target protein to generate a nearly natural sequence on the final product.
6 or more consistent Histidine residues act as a metal binding site for recombinant protein purification and expression. The hexa-His sequence is called a His-Tag sequence which can be placed on the N-terminal of a target protein by using vectors from various commercial molecular biology companies. The His-Tag contains a cleavage site for a specific protease. His-Tag recombinant proteins are purified by Metal Chelate Affinity Chromatography such as nickel ion columns that are used as the heavy metal ion and the His-Tag protein is eluted from the metal-chelate column with Histidine or imidazole. Then the purified His-Tag protein is treated with the specific protease to cleave off the His-Tag or not if the tag doesn’t affect the active site of the protein.
Proteins have metal binding sites which can be used for the purification of recombinant and natural proteins. This type of purification is rather simple when using a gel bead which is covalently modified so that it displays a chelator group for binding a heavy metal ion like Ni2+ or Zn2+. The chelating group on the gel bead contains a small amount of the ligands needed to hold the metal ion. So when the protein’s metal binding site finds the heavy metal, it will bind by providing the ligands from its metal binding site to attach to the metal ion displayed on the chelator location of the gel bead. This purification method is quite identical to affinity chromatography when purifying metal-binding class of proteins.
Products for Recombinant Proteins
- Actin(7)
- ADAM(3)
- Adaptor-Related Protein Complex(3)
- ADP-Ribosylation Factor(21)
- Ag85(2)
- Albumin(6)
- Allergy(156)
- Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein(4)
- Anaplasma(3)
- Angiogenin(2)
- Ankyrin Repeat Domain(5)
- Annexin(20)
- Anterior Gradient Protein(3)
- ASF1 Anti-Silencing Function 1(2)
- ATP Synthase Mitochondrial(3)
- ATPase(9)
- Autophagy Related(4)
- B Cell Lymphoma(24)
- B9 Protein(2)
- Babesia Microti(3)
- Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing(3)
- Bartonella H.(3)
- Basic Transcription Factor(2)
- BATF(2)
- Bax(2)
- Beta 2 Microglobulin(3)
- BID(4)
- Biglycan(3)
- Bridging Integrator(2)
- Bromodomain Containing(3)
- Cadherin(8)
- Calbindin(4)
- Calcium Binding Protein(30)
- Calmodulin(4)
- Calpain(2)
- Calponin(2)
- Calreticulin(2)
- Calumenin(2)
- Candida Albicans(4)
- Canopy FGF Signaling Regulator(3)
- Capping Protein(2)
- Caspase Recruitment Domain Family(2)
- CCR4-NOT Transcription Complex(2)
- CEA(9)
- CEBP(2)
- Cell Division Cycle(5)
- Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein(2)
- Centrin(3)
- Centromere Protein(7)
- Charged Multivesicular Body Protein(3)
- Chloride Intracellular Channel(2)
- Chromatin Modifying Protein(4)
- Chromobox(3)
- Chromogranin(6)
- Chromosome Open Reading Frame(17)
- Clathrin(2)
- Coagulation Factors(7)
- Cofilin(2)
- Coiled-Coil Domain(9)
- Collagen(16)
- COMM Domain Containing(4)
- Complement Component(55)
- COP9 Signalosome(3)
- C-Reactive Protein(6)
- Crystallin(13)
- C-type Lectin Domain(11)
- CUE Domain Containing(2)
- Cystatin(25)
- Cysteine-Rich(2)
- Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein(3)
- Cytochrome(9)
- Cytohesin(4)
- Cytokeratin(14)
- DCUN1D(3)
- DEAD Box Protein(2)
- Decorin(3)
- Density Lipoprotein(8)
- Developmental Pluripotency Associated(3)
- Dickkopf-Related Protein(7)
- DiGeorge Syndrome Critical Region(2)
- DNA-Damage Protein(7)
- Dynactin(4)
- Dynein Light Chain(7)
- Dysbindin(2)
- Ectodysplasin(4)
- Elongator Acetyltransferase Complex(2)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein(3)
- Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule 1(4)
- EPH Receptor(6)
- Ephrin(13)
- ERCC(1)
- Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor(21)
- Exosome Component(6)
- FABP(28)
- Family with Sequence Similarity(8)
- F-Box Protein(1)
- Ferritin(3)
- Fibrinogen(3)
- Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing(2)
- Four And A Half LIM(2)
- Fragile Histidine Triad(2)
- G Antigen(3)
- GABA(A) Receptor-Associated Protein(3)
- Gastrokine(3)
- GDP Dissociation Inhibitor(2)
- General Transcription Factor(6)
- GIPC PDZ Domain(2)
- Gliadin(3)
- Glycophorin(3)
- Glycoprotein Nmb(3)
- Glypican(3)
- Gremlin(2)
- GTPase IMAP Family(2)
- GTP-Binding Protein(2)
- Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein(11)
- Hairy and Enhancer of Split(2)
- Haptoglobin(5)
- Heat Shock Protein(66)
- Hematological And Neurological Expressed(2)
- Hemoglobin(8)
- Hemopexin(3)
- High-Mobility Group(8)
- HINT(2)
- HLA(8)
- HNRNP(3)
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor(3)
- IMPAD1(4)
- Ig Heavy Chain Constant Region(7)
- Inhibitor of DNA Binding(2)
- Inhibitor of Growth Family(2)
- Integrin(52)
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule(9)
- Junctional Adhesion Molecule(3)
- Karyopherin(2)
- KCTD(4)
- Killer Cell(8)
- Killer Cell Lectin-like Receptor(9)
- Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene(2)
- Kruppel-Like Factor(6)
- Lactoferrin(3)
- LBP(3)
- Leukocyte Cell Derived Chemotaxin(3)
- Leukocyte-Associated Ig-Like Receptor(3)
- LIN Protein(5)
- Listeriolysin(2)
- LRG1(3)
- Lymphocyte Antigen(3)
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein(3)
- MAD2(2)
- MAF(3)
- Mago-Nashi Homolog(2)
- Maltose Binding Protein(3)
- Mediator Complex(5)
- Melanoma Antigen Family A(8)
- Member RAS Oncogene Family(40)
- Mesoderm Development Candidate(2)
- Methylmalonic Aciduria(2)
- MHC class I chain-related gene(3)
- Microfibrillar Associated Protein(4)
- Microtubule-Associated Protein(8)
- Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein(8)
- Mitochondrial Transcription Factor(2)
- Mortality Factor(2)
- Myelin Basic Protein(1)
- Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein(4)
- Myoglobin(4)
- Myosin Light Chain(12)
- Myxovirus(3)
- NANOG(4)
- NCK Adaptor Protein(2)
- NECTIN(3)
- Nescient Helix Loop Helix(2)
- Neuronal Calcium Sensor(2)
- Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor(2)
- NFKB Inhibitor(5)
- NHP2(2)
- N-Myc Downstream Regulated(3)
- Non-Metastatic Cells(7)
- NPM(2)
- NTF2-like Export Factor(1)
- Nucleobindin(2)
- Nucleopurin(2)
- Nucleosome Assembly Protein(2)
- Orosomucoid(5)
- Other(755)
- Outer Membrane Protein(1)
- p53(20)
- Paired Box(2)
- Parkinson Disease Protein(3)
- Parvalbumin(2)
- PCNA(2)
- PDZ Domain Containing(2)
- Pentraxin(3)
- Peroxisomal Biogenesis Factor(2)
- PHD Finger Protein(2)
- Phosducin-Like(2)
- Phosphatase and Tensin(1)
- Phospholipid Scramblase(2)
- PIH1 Domain Containing(2)
- Pim Oncogene(2)
- PITPN(2)
- Polymerase (RNA) (DNA directed) Polypeptide(7)
- Prefoldin(5)
- Pregnancy Specific Beta-1-Glycoprotein(4)
- Prion Protein(2)
- Processing Of Precursor(2)
- Profilin(4)
- Programmed Cell Death(8)
- Prohibitin(2)
- Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin(1)
- Protein C-Ets(2)
- Protein Phosphatase(2)
- Prothymosin(2)
- RAD51(9)
- RAN Binding Protein(2)
- Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate(5)
- RASSF(2)
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein(2)
- Regenerating Islet-Derived(4)
- Regulator of Calcineurin(3)
- Regulator of G-Protein Signaling(9)
- Related RAS Viral (r-ras) Oncogene(2)
- Relaxin(3)
- Renin(5)
- Reticulocalbin(2)
- Retinoblastoma(3)
- Retinoic Acid Early Transcript(6)
- Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder(4)
- Rho Family GTPase(2)
- Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor(2)
- Ribosomal Protein(30)
- Ring Finger Protein(5)
- RNA Binding Motif Protein(3)
- R-Spondin(4)
- RWD Domain Containing(2)
- Sclerostin(3)
- SDHAF(2)
- Secretagogin(2)
- Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein(6)
- Secretoglobin(4)
- Secretogranin(2)
- Selectin(7)
- Selenoprotein(2)
- Septin(3)
- Serglycin(2)
- Serine Peptidase Inhibitor(3)
- Serpin(27)
- SERTA Domain Containing(2)
- SH2 Domain(2)
- SH3 Domain(6)
- SIGLEC(5)
- Signal Recognition Particle(2)
- Signal Sequence Receptor(3)
- Signal-Regulatory Protein(6)
- Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein(2)
- Sirtuin(35)
- SLAM Family(5)
- SMAD(3)
- SNRP(15)
- Solute Carrier Family(3)
- Sorting Nexin(2)
- SPSB(1)
- sRAGE(3)
- SRY (Sex Determining Region Y)-Box(3)
- Stathmin(4)
- STIP(3)
- Streptavidin Proteins(5)
- Superoxide Dismutase(36)
- Surfeit(2)
- Synaptobrevin(11)
- Synaptosomal Associated Protein(5)
- Synaptotagmin(5)
- Syndecan(5)
- Syntaxin(10)
- Synuclein(7)
- Tachykinin(2)
- TAR DNA(4)
- TBC1 Domain Family(2)
- TCL(2)
- THAP Domain(4)
- Thioredoxin(15)
- TIGAR(3)
- Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor(3)
- TNF receptor-Associated Factor(2)
- Toll Like Receptor(1)
- Trafficking Protein Particle Complex(4)
- Transcription Elongation Factor(9)
- Transferrin(3)
- Transforming Growth Factor Beta Induced(5)
- Transgelin(2)
- Translocase Of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane(2)
- Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells(2)
- Tripartite Motif(4)
- Tropomyosin(3)
- Troponin(16)
- TROVE Domain Family(3)
- Trypsin(4)
- TTC(3)
- Tubulin Folding Cofactor(5)
- Tubulin Gamma(2)
- U6 Small Nuclear RNA(5)
- Ubiquinol-Cytochrome C Reductase(3)
- Ubiquitin(16)
- UCHL1(4)
- UL16 binding protein(7)
- Uroplakin(2)
- Vacuolar Protein Sorting(7)
- Vascular cell adhesion molecule(5)
- V-crk Sarcoma Virus CT10(2)
- Vimentin(3)
- Visinin-Like Protein(2)
- V-ral Simian Leukemia Viral Oncogene(3)
- WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain(2)
- Y. Enterocolitica(8)
- Zinc Finger(16)
- Default Categoryobox(9)
- Default Categoryr Homolog(3)
- MOB1(2)
- POU Class(4)
- Protein-A(24)
- SIX Default Categoryobox(2)
- Synovial Sarcoma(2)
- Mps One Binder Kinase Activator(2)
- X Breakpoint(2)
- TROP2(1)
- AIM2(1)
- p62(3)
- Transferrin Receptor(1)
- Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
-
GP22956
CALML3 Human
Calmodulin Like 3 Human Recombinant
-
GP22955
CALM2 Human 135 a.a
Calmodulin-2 135 a.a. Human Recombinant
-
GP22954
CALM2 Human
Calmodulin-2 Human Recombinant
-
GP22953
CALB2 Mouse
Calbindin-2 Mouse Recombinant
-
GP22952
CALB2 Human
Calbindin-2 Human Recombinant
-
GP22951
CALB1 Human
Calbindin-1 Human Recombinant
-
GP22950
CADM1 Human
Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP22949
CACYBP Human
Calcyclin Binding Protein Human Recombinant
-
GP22948
CAB39L Human
Calcium Binding Protein 39 Like Human Recombinant
-
GP22947
CAB39 Human
Calcium Binding Protein 39 Human Recombinant
-
GP22946
C9ORF95 Human
Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 95 Human Recombinant
-
GP22945
C9ORF103 Human
Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 103 Human Recombinant
-
GP22944
C8G Human
Complement Component 8, Gamma Human Recombinant
-
GP22943
C6ORF108 Human
Chromosome 6 Open Reading Frame 108 Human Recombinant
-
GP22942
C5a Mouse
Complement Component C5a Mouse Recombinant
-
GP22941
C5a Human
补体成分 C5a 人类重组体
-
GP22940
C4c Human
Complement Component C4c Human
-
GP22939
C4BPB Human
Complement Component 4 Binding Protein, Beta Human Recombinant
-
GP22938
C3c Human
Complement Component C3c Human
-
GP22937
C20ORF20 Human
Chromosome 20 Open Reading Frame 20 Human Recombinant
-
GP22936
C1QTNF8 Human
Complement C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 8 Human Recombinant
-
GP22935
C1QTNF7 Human
Complement C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 7 Human Recombinant
-
GP22934
C1QTNF6 Human
Complement C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 6 Human Recombinant
-
GP22933
C1QTNF5 Human
Complement C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 5 Human Recombinant
-
GP22932
C1QTNF4 Human
Complement C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 4 Human Recombinant
-
GP22931
C1QTNF3 Human
Complement C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 3 Human Recombinant
-
GP22930
C1QTNF1 Human
Complement C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP22929
C1QBP Human
Complement Component 1 Human Recombinant
-
GP22928
C1q Human
补体成分 C1q 人类
-
GP22927
C1D Human
C1D Human Recombinant
-
GP22926
C17ORF103 Human
Chromosome 17 Open Reading Frame 103 Human Recombinant
-
GP22925
C19ORF80 Rat
Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 Rat Recombinant
-
GP22924
C19ORF80 Mouse
Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 Mouse Recombinant
-
GP22923
C19ORF80 Human
Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 Human Recombinant
-
GP22922
C17ORF49 Human
Chromosome 17 Open Reading Frame 49 Human Recombinant
-
GP22921
C14ORF129 Human
Chromosome 14 Open Reading Frame 129 Human Recombinant
-
GP22920
C12ORF5 Human, TAT
Chromosome 12 Open Reading Frame 5 Human-TAT
-
GP22919
C12ORF5 Human
Chromosome 12 Open Reading Frame 5 Human
-
GP22918
C12ORF5 Human, His
Chromosome 12 Open Reading Frame 5 Human Recombinant, His Tag
-
GP22917
C11ORF31 Human
Chromosome 11 Open Reading Frame 31 Human Recombinant
-
GP22916
C10ORF54 Mouse
Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 54 Mouse Recombinant
-
GP22915
C10ORF54 Human
Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 54 Human Recombinant
-
GP22914
C7ORF49 Human
Chromosome 7 Open Reading Frame 49 Human Recombinant
-
GP22913
C.Albicans Met6
Candida Albicans Met6 Recombinant
-
GP22912
C.Albicans Hsp70
Candida Albicans Hsp70 Recombinant
-
GP22911
C.Albicans Enolase
Candida Albicans Enolase Recombinant
-
GP22910
C.Albicans Bgl2
Candida Albicans Bgl2 Recombinant
-
GP22909
Vimentin Bovine
Bovine Vimentin
-
GP22908
BUD31 Human
BUD31 Human Recombinant
-
GP22907
BUB3 Human
BUB3 Human Recombinant