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Hormones(荷尔蒙)

The word Hormone comes means, "to spur on" which reflects how hormones acts as catalysts for other chemical changes at the cellular level necessary for growth, development, and energy.

Hormones are chemical messengers that carry and travel signals in the blood stream from 1 cell or glands to other tissues and organsto maintain chemical levels in the bloodstream that achieve homeostasis. All cellular organisms produce hormones.

Hormones also regulate the function of their target cells whicht express a receptor for the hormone. The action of hormones is determined by numerous factors such as its pattern of secretion and the response of the receiving tissue (signal transduction response).

Though few hormones circulate dissolved in the blood-stream, most are carried in the blood, bound to plasma proteins. For example, steroid hormones which are highly hydrophobic, are transported bound to plasma proteins.

An Example of antagonistic pairs of hormones is the Insulin, which causes the level of glucose to drop when it has risen and Glucagon causes blood sugar to rise when it has fallen.

There are two major classes of hormones 1. Proteins, Peptides, and modified amino acids 2. Steroids. In general, steroids are sex hormones related to sexual maturation and fertility. Steroids are made from cholesterol by placenta by our adrenal gland or gonads (testes or ovaries). Peptides regulate functions such as sleep and sugar concentration. They are made from long strings of amino acids, so sometimes they are referred to as "protein" hormones. Growth hormone, for example, helps us burn fat and build up muscles. Another peptide hormone, insulin, starts the process to convert sugar into cellular energy.

Hormones so perfectly and efficiently manage homeostasis due to negative feedback cycles. Our goal is to keep the concentration of a certain chemical, such as testosterone, at a constant level for a certain period of time, the way that a thermostat works. Using negative feedback, a change in conditions causes a response that returns the conditions to their original state. When a room's temperature drops, the thermostat responds by turning the heat on. The room returns to the ideal temperature, and the heater turns off, keeping the conditions relatively constant.

Endocrine hormone are secreted into the blood and carried by blood and tissue fluids to the cells they act upon, while exocrine hormones are secreted into a duct, and then into the bloodstream. Exocrine hormones are transferred from cell to cell by diffusion (paracrine signaling).

Hormones work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes in the body, such as Growth & development, Metabolism, Sexual function, Reproduction Mood,

Endocrine glands, etc… The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas. In addition, men produce hormones in their testes and women produce them in their ovaries.

Hormones have large effects and it takes picogram amounts to cause big changes in cells or even your whole body. That is why too much or too little of a certain hormone can cause harsh problems and complications. In Laboratory experiments, one can measure hormone levels in blood, urine or saliva.

The hormone levels circulating in the blood stream are controlled by a homeostatic mechanism, such as 1 hormone stimulates the production of a 2nd, the 2nd suppresses the production of the 1st .

For Instance, FSH stimulates the release of estrogens from the ovarian follicle but at high levels of estrogen itsuppresses the further production of FSH.

1 major class of hormones is the Proteins, Peptides and modified amino acids which are hydrophilic (and mostly large) hormone molecules that bind to receptors on the surface of "target" cells, cells are able to respond to the presence of the hormone. These receptors are transmembrane proteins. Binding of the hormone to its receptor initiates a sequence of intracellular signals that alters the behavior of the cell (opening or closing of the membrane channels) or stimulate (or repress) gene expression in the nucleus by turning on (or off) the promoters and enhancers of the genes.

A hormone binds to a site on the extracellular portion of the receptor which acts as transmembrane protein that pass through the plasma membrane x7, with theN-terminal exposed at the exterior of the cell and the C-terminal projecting into the cytoplasm.

Once the hormone binds to the receptor it activates a G protein associated with the cytoplasmic C-terminal which initiates production of a 2nd messenger such as cyclic AMP, (cAMP)which is produced by adenylyl cyclase from ATP, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)

The 2nd messenger initiates a series of intracellular events such as phosphorylation and activation of enzymes, release of Ca2+ into the cytosol from stores within the endoplasmic reticulum.

cAMP activates the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) which turns on gene transcription. The cell begins to produce the appropriate gene products in response to the hormonal signal it had received at its surface.

Steroid hormones are hydrophobic proteins/peptides and diffuse freely into cells. However, their "target" cells contain cytoplasmic and/or nuclear proteins that serve as receptors of the hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor and the complex binds to hormone response elements - stretches of DNA within the promoters of genes responsive to the hormone. The hormone/receptor complex acts as a transcription factor turning target genes "on" (or "off"). Hormones circulate freely in the bloodstream, waiting to be recognized by a target cell, their intended destination. The target cell has a receptor that can only be activated by a specific type of hormone. Once activated, the cell knows to start a certain function within its walls. Genes might get activated, or energy production resumed. As special categories, autocrine hormones act on the cells of the secreting gland, while paracrine hormones act on nearby, but unrelated, cells.

Hormone secretion is increased (or decreased) by the same substance whose level is decreased (or increased) by the hormone. The rising level of Ca2+ in the blood stream suppresses the production of PTH but a low level of Ca2+ stimulates it.

Products for  Hormones

  1. Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
  2. GC90547 Gastric Inhibitory Peptide 1 (3-42) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    GIP的肽段和GIP受体拮抗剂

  3. GC90545 Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (1-42) (porcine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    一种肽类胰高血糖素激素。

  4. GC90534 Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (1-39) (porcine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    一种促进胰岛素分泌的物质。

  5. GC90299 ACTH (1-17) (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    ACTH的肽段。

  6. GC90294 ACTH (1-16) (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    ACTH的肽段。

  7. GC90290 Proadrenomedullin (45-92) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    一种来源于前肾上腺髓质素的肽。

  8. GC90287 ACTH (1-13) (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    ACTH的肽段。

  9. GC90251 GLP-2 (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    一种肠道多肽激素GLP-2R的拮抗剂

  10. GC90250 GLP-2 (1-34) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    一种合成的GLP-2肽形式。

  11. GC90231 ACTH (1-39) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    一种MC2R激动剂

  12. GP26112 STC1 Mouse STC1 Mouse Recombinant is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 235 amino acids (19-247a
  13. GP26111 Ipamorelin Ipamorelin Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 4 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 711
  14. GP26110 GLP1R Human GLP1R Human Recombinant produced in E
  15. GP26109 GHRP5 Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-5 Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 5 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 770
  16. GP26108 GHRP4 Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-4 Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 4 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 607
  17. GP26107 GHRP1 Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-1 Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 5 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 955
  18. GP26106 CRHBP (22-322), Human CRHBP Human Recombinant produced in E
  19. GC49679 Sauvagine (trifluoroacetate salt) A neuropeptide hormone
  20. GC49592 Sermorelin (acetate) A growth hormone-releasing hormone analog
  21. GC49574 Somatostatin-28 (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt) A cyclic neuropeptide hormone
  22. GC49543 Hepcidin-25 (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone
  23. GC49483 Somatostatin-28 (1-14) (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt) An N-terminal fragment of somatostatin-28
  24. GC49475 Triptorelin (trifluoroacetate salt) A synthetic GNRH peptide agonist
  25. GC49459 Desmopressin (trifluoroacetate salt) A vasopressin receptor agonist
  26. GC49342 Glucagon-d9 (trifluoroacetate salt) An internal standard for the quantification of glucagon
  27. GC49143 Deslorelin (acetate) A peptide agonist of GnRH
  28. GC49123 Somatorelin (1-44) amide (human) (trifluoroacetate salt) A synthetic GHRH peptide
  29. GC49048 Guanylin (human) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone activator of GC-C
  30. GC48997 Argipressin (acetate) A peptide hormone with vasoconstrictive and antidiuretic activities
  31. GC48358 Thymulin (acetate hydrate) A peptide hormone
  32. GC48328 Obestatin (human) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone
  33. GC48327 Secretin (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt) A neuropeptide hormone
  34. GC48292 α-MSH (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone
  35. GC47097 CJC-1295 A synthetic peptide derivative of GHRH
  36. GC46768 Abaloparatide (acetate) A synthetic derivative of PTHrP and an agonist of PTHR1
  37. GC45591 Urocortin III (mouse) (trifluoroacetate salt) A neuropeptide hormone
  38. GC45590 Urocortin III (mouse) (free acid) (trifluoroacetate salt)  
  39. GC45589 Urocortin III (human) (trifluoroacetate salt) A neuropeptide hormone
  40. GC45588 Urocortin II (mouse) (trifluoroacetate salt) A neuropeptide hormone
  41. GC45462 GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, rat) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone
  42. GC44914 Somatostatin-14 (acetate) A cyclic peptide hormone
  43. GC44598 Peptide YY (human) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide agonist for Y1, Y2, Y5, and Y6 receptors
  44. GC44566 Parathyroid Hormone (1-13) (trifluoroacetate salt) An N-terminal fragment of PTH
  45. GC44484 Obestatin (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone
  46. GC43764 GLP-2 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone
  47. GC43754 Ghrelin (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone
  48. GC43215 CCK Octapeptide (non-sulfated), (trifluoroacetate salt) A non-sulfated CCK peptide
  49. GC43214 CCK (26-31) (non-sulfated) An N-terminal fragment of CCK
  50. GC43127 Calcitonin (salmon) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone that lowers blood calcium level
  51. GC42852 Arginine Vasotocin (trifluoroacetate salt) A nonapeptide agonist of the AVT receptor

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