Hormones(荷尔蒙)
The word Hormone comes means, "to spur on" which reflects how hormones acts as catalysts for other chemical changes at the cellular level necessary for growth, development, and energy.
Hormones are chemical messengers that carry and travel signals in the blood stream from 1 cell or glands to other tissues and organsto maintain chemical levels in the bloodstream that achieve homeostasis. All cellular organisms produce hormones.
Hormones also regulate the function of their target cells whicht express a receptor for the hormone. The action of hormones is determined by numerous factors such as its pattern of secretion and the response of the receiving tissue (signal transduction response).
Though few hormones circulate dissolved in the blood-stream, most are carried in the blood, bound to plasma proteins. For example, steroid hormones which are highly hydrophobic, are transported bound to plasma proteins.
An Example of antagonistic pairs of hormones is the Insulin, which causes the level of glucose to drop when it has risen and Glucagon causes blood sugar to rise when it has fallen.
There are two major classes of hormones 1. Proteins, Peptides, and modified amino acids 2. Steroids. In general, steroids are sex hormones related to sexual maturation and fertility. Steroids are made from cholesterol by placenta by our adrenal gland or gonads (testes or ovaries). Peptides regulate functions such as sleep and sugar concentration. They are made from long strings of amino acids, so sometimes they are referred to as "protein" hormones. Growth hormone, for example, helps us burn fat and build up muscles. Another peptide hormone, insulin, starts the process to convert sugar into cellular energy.
Hormones so perfectly and efficiently manage homeostasis due to negative feedback cycles. Our goal is to keep the concentration of a certain chemical, such as testosterone, at a constant level for a certain period of time, the way that a thermostat works. Using negative feedback, a change in conditions causes a response that returns the conditions to their original state. When a room's temperature drops, the thermostat responds by turning the heat on. The room returns to the ideal temperature, and the heater turns off, keeping the conditions relatively constant.
Endocrine hormone are secreted into the blood and carried by blood and tissue fluids to the cells they act upon, while exocrine hormones are secreted into a duct, and then into the bloodstream. Exocrine hormones are transferred from cell to cell by diffusion (paracrine signaling).
Hormones work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes in the body, such as Growth & development, Metabolism, Sexual function, Reproduction Mood,
Endocrine glands, etc… The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas. In addition, men produce hormones in their testes and women produce them in their ovaries.
Hormones have large effects and it takes picogram amounts to cause big changes in cells or even your whole body. That is why too much or too little of a certain hormone can cause harsh problems and complications. In Laboratory experiments, one can measure hormone levels in blood, urine or saliva.
The hormone levels circulating in the blood stream are controlled by a homeostatic mechanism, such as 1 hormone stimulates the production of a 2nd, the 2nd suppresses the production of the 1st .
For Instance, FSH stimulates the release of estrogens from the ovarian follicle but at high levels of estrogen itsuppresses the further production of FSH.
1 major class of hormones is the Proteins, Peptides and modified amino acids which are hydrophilic (and mostly large) hormone molecules that bind to receptors on the surface of "target" cells, cells are able to respond to the presence of the hormone. These receptors are transmembrane proteins. Binding of the hormone to its receptor initiates a sequence of intracellular signals that alters the behavior of the cell (opening or closing of the membrane channels) or stimulate (or repress) gene expression in the nucleus by turning on (or off) the promoters and enhancers of the genes.
A hormone binds to a site on the extracellular portion of the receptor which acts as transmembrane protein that pass through the plasma membrane x7, with theN-terminal exposed at the exterior of the cell and the C-terminal projecting into the cytoplasm.
Once the hormone binds to the receptor it activates a G protein associated with the cytoplasmic C-terminal which initiates production of a 2nd messenger such as cyclic AMP, (cAMP)which is produced by adenylyl cyclase from ATP, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)
The 2nd messenger initiates a series of intracellular events such as phosphorylation and activation of enzymes, release of Ca2+ into the cytosol from stores within the endoplasmic reticulum.
cAMP activates the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) which turns on gene transcription. The cell begins to produce the appropriate gene products in response to the hormonal signal it had received at its surface.
Steroid hormones are hydrophobic proteins/peptides and diffuse freely into cells. However, their "target" cells contain cytoplasmic and/or nuclear proteins that serve as receptors of the hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor and the complex binds to hormone response elements - stretches of DNA within the promoters of genes responsive to the hormone. The hormone/receptor complex acts as a transcription factor turning target genes "on" (or "off"). Hormones circulate freely in the bloodstream, waiting to be recognized by a target cell, their intended destination. The target cell has a receptor that can only be activated by a specific type of hormone. Once activated, the cell knows to start a certain function within its walls. Genes might get activated, or energy production resumed. As special categories, autocrine hormones act on the cells of the secreting gland, while paracrine hormones act on nearby, but unrelated, cells.
Hormone secretion is increased (or decreased) by the same substance whose level is decreased (or increased) by the hormone. The rising level of Ca2+ in the blood stream suppresses the production of PTH but a low level of Ca2+ stimulates it.
Products for Hormones
- Endothelin(3)
- Exendin(1)
- FSH(3)
- GHRP(7)
- GLP(4)
- Glucagon(4)
- HCG(2)
- Inhibin A(3)
- LHRH(3)
- Other Hormones(11)
- Peptide Hormones(66)
- Procalcitonin(7)
- PTH(9)
- Stanniocalcin(4)
- Thymosin(3)
- Thyrostimulin(2)
- TSH(2)
- Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
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GP26112
STC1 Mouse
STC1 Mouse Recombinant is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 235 amino acids (19-247a
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GP26111
Ipamorelin
Ipamorelin Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 4 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 711
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GP26110
GLP1R Human
GLP1R Human Recombinant produced in E
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GP26109
GHRP5
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-5 Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 5 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 770
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GP26108
GHRP4
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-4 Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 4 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 607
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GP26107
GHRP1
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-1 Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 5 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 955
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GP26106
CRHBP (22-322), Human
CRHBP Human Recombinant produced in E
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GC49679
Sauvagine (trifluoroacetate salt)
A neuropeptide hormone
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GC49592
Sermorelin (acetate)
A growth hormone-releasing hormone analog
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GC49574
Somatostatin-28 (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A cyclic neuropeptide hormone
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GC49543
Hepcidin-25 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide hormone
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GC49483
Somatostatin-28 (1-14) (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)
An N-terminal fragment of somatostatin-28
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GC49475
Triptorelin (trifluoroacetate salt)
A synthetic GNRH peptide agonist
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GC49459
Desmopressin (trifluoroacetate salt)
A vasopressin receptor agonist
-
GC49342
Glucagon-d9 (trifluoroacetate salt)
An internal standard for the quantification of glucagon
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GC49143
Deslorelin (acetate)
A peptide agonist of GnRH
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GC49123
Somatorelin (1-44) amide (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A synthetic GHRH peptide
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GC49048
Guanylin (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide hormone activator of GC-C
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GC48997
Argipressin (acetate)
A peptide hormone with vasoconstrictive and antidiuretic activities
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GC48358
Thymulin (acetate hydrate)
A peptide hormone
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GC48328
Obestatin (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide hormone
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GC48327
Secretin (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A neuropeptide hormone
-
GC48292
α-MSH (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide hormone
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GC47097
CJC-1295
A synthetic peptide derivative of GHRH
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GC46768
Abaloparatide (acetate)
A synthetic derivative of PTHrP and an agonist of PTHR1
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GC45591
Urocortin III (mouse) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A neuropeptide hormone
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GC45590
Urocortin III (mouse) (free acid) (trifluoroacetate salt)
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GC45589
Urocortin III (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A neuropeptide hormone
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GC45588
Urocortin II (mouse) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A neuropeptide hormone
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GC45462
GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide hormone
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GC44914
Somatostatin-14 (acetate)
A cyclic peptide hormone
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GC44598
Peptide YY (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide agonist for Y1, Y2, Y5, and Y6 receptors
-
GC44566
Parathyroid Hormone (1-13) (trifluoroacetate salt)
An N-terminal fragment of PTH
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GC44484
Obestatin (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide hormone
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GC43764
GLP-2 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide hormone
-
GC43754
Ghrelin (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide hormone
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GC43215
CCK Octapeptide (non-sulfated), (trifluoroacetate salt)
A non-sulfated CCK peptide
-
GC43214
CCK (26-31) (non-sulfated)
An N-terminal fragment of CCK
-
GC43127
Calcitonin (salmon) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide hormone that lowers blood calcium level
-
GC42852
Arginine Vasotocin (trifluoroacetate salt)
A nonapeptide agonist of the AVT receptor
-
GC42796
Amylin (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
An antidiabetic peptide that forms amyloid fibrils
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GC42710
Ac-PAL-AMC
A fluorogenic substrate for the 20S proteasome
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GP21320
Vasopressin
加压素是一种环状九肽,在下丘脑中枢合成。
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GP21319
TSH Human
TSH Human是人促甲状腺激素
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GP21318
TSHB Human
TSHB Human Recombinant
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GP21317
Trp
Triptorelin Acetate
-
GP21316
TRH Human
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Human
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GP21315
TP 5
Thymopentin
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GP21314
Thymosin β4
Thymosin-b4 Human Recombinant
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GP21313
Thymosin beta 4
Thymosin β4