Hormones(荷尔蒙)
The word Hormone comes means, "to spur on" which reflects how hormones acts as catalysts for other chemical changes at the cellular level necessary for growth, development, and energy.
Hormones are chemical messengers that carry and travel signals in the blood stream from 1 cell or glands to other tissues and organsto maintain chemical levels in the bloodstream that achieve homeostasis. All cellular organisms produce hormones.
Hormones also regulate the function of their target cells whicht express a receptor for the hormone. The action of hormones is determined by numerous factors such as its pattern of secretion and the response of the receiving tissue (signal transduction response).
Though few hormones circulate dissolved in the blood-stream, most are carried in the blood, bound to plasma proteins. For example, steroid hormones which are highly hydrophobic, are transported bound to plasma proteins.
An Example of antagonistic pairs of hormones is the Insulin, which causes the level of glucose to drop when it has risen and Glucagon causes blood sugar to rise when it has fallen.
There are two major classes of hormones 1. Proteins, Peptides, and modified amino acids 2. Steroids. In general, steroids are sex hormones related to sexual maturation and fertility. Steroids are made from cholesterol by placenta by our adrenal gland or gonads (testes or ovaries). Peptides regulate functions such as sleep and sugar concentration. They are made from long strings of amino acids, so sometimes they are referred to as "protein" hormones. Growth hormone, for example, helps us burn fat and build up muscles. Another peptide hormone, insulin, starts the process to convert sugar into cellular energy.
Hormones so perfectly and efficiently manage homeostasis due to negative feedback cycles. Our goal is to keep the concentration of a certain chemical, such as testosterone, at a constant level for a certain period of time, the way that a thermostat works. Using negative feedback, a change in conditions causes a response that returns the conditions to their original state. When a room's temperature drops, the thermostat responds by turning the heat on. The room returns to the ideal temperature, and the heater turns off, keeping the conditions relatively constant.
Endocrine hormone are secreted into the blood and carried by blood and tissue fluids to the cells they act upon, while exocrine hormones are secreted into a duct, and then into the bloodstream. Exocrine hormones are transferred from cell to cell by diffusion (paracrine signaling).
Hormones work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes in the body, such as Growth & development, Metabolism, Sexual function, Reproduction Mood,
Endocrine glands, etc… The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas. In addition, men produce hormones in their testes and women produce them in their ovaries.
Hormones have large effects and it takes picogram amounts to cause big changes in cells or even your whole body. That is why too much or too little of a certain hormone can cause harsh problems and complications. In Laboratory experiments, one can measure hormone levels in blood, urine or saliva.
The hormone levels circulating in the blood stream are controlled by a homeostatic mechanism, such as 1 hormone stimulates the production of a 2nd, the 2nd suppresses the production of the 1st .
For Instance, FSH stimulates the release of estrogens from the ovarian follicle but at high levels of estrogen itsuppresses the further production of FSH.
1 major class of hormones is the Proteins, Peptides and modified amino acids which are hydrophilic (and mostly large) hormone molecules that bind to receptors on the surface of "target" cells, cells are able to respond to the presence of the hormone. These receptors are transmembrane proteins. Binding of the hormone to its receptor initiates a sequence of intracellular signals that alters the behavior of the cell (opening or closing of the membrane channels) or stimulate (or repress) gene expression in the nucleus by turning on (or off) the promoters and enhancers of the genes.
A hormone binds to a site on the extracellular portion of the receptor which acts as transmembrane protein that pass through the plasma membrane x7, with theN-terminal exposed at the exterior of the cell and the C-terminal projecting into the cytoplasm.
Once the hormone binds to the receptor it activates a G protein associated with the cytoplasmic C-terminal which initiates production of a 2nd messenger such as cyclic AMP, (cAMP)which is produced by adenylyl cyclase from ATP, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)
The 2nd messenger initiates a series of intracellular events such as phosphorylation and activation of enzymes, release of Ca2+ into the cytosol from stores within the endoplasmic reticulum.
cAMP activates the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) which turns on gene transcription. The cell begins to produce the appropriate gene products in response to the hormonal signal it had received at its surface.
Steroid hormones are hydrophobic proteins/peptides and diffuse freely into cells. However, their "target" cells contain cytoplasmic and/or nuclear proteins that serve as receptors of the hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor and the complex binds to hormone response elements - stretches of DNA within the promoters of genes responsive to the hormone. The hormone/receptor complex acts as a transcription factor turning target genes "on" (or "off"). Hormones circulate freely in the bloodstream, waiting to be recognized by a target cell, their intended destination. The target cell has a receptor that can only be activated by a specific type of hormone. Once activated, the cell knows to start a certain function within its walls. Genes might get activated, or energy production resumed. As special categories, autocrine hormones act on the cells of the secreting gland, while paracrine hormones act on nearby, but unrelated, cells.
Hormone secretion is increased (or decreased) by the same substance whose level is decreased (or increased) by the hormone. The rising level of Ca2+ in the blood stream suppresses the production of PTH but a low level of Ca2+ stimulates it.
Products for Hormones
- Endothelin(3)
- Exendin(1)
- FSH(3)
- GHRP(7)
- GLP(4)
- Glucagon(4)
- HCG(2)
- Inhibin A(3)
- LHRH(3)
- Other Hormones(11)
- Peptide Hormones(76)
- Procalcitonin(7)
- PTH(9)
- Stanniocalcin(4)
- Thymosin(3)
- Thyrostimulin(2)
- TSH(2)
- Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
- GC42796 Amylin (human) (trifluoroacetate salt) An antidiabetic peptide that forms amyloid fibrils
- GC42710 Ac-PAL-AMC A fluorogenic substrate for the 20S proteasome
- GP21320 Vasopressin 加压素是一种环状九肽,在下丘脑中枢合成。
-
GP21319
TSH Human
TSH Human是人促甲状腺激素
- GP21318 TSHB Human TSHB Human Recombinant
- GP21317 Trp Triptorelin Acetate
- GP21316 TRH Human Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Human
- GP21315 TP 5 Thymopentin
- GP21314 Thymosin β4 Thymosin-b4 Human Recombinant
- GP21313 Thymosin beta 4 Thymosin β4
- GP21312 Thymosin α1 胸腺素 a1 乙酸盐
- GP21310 STC 2 Human, His Stanniocalcin-2 Human Recombinant, His Tag
- GP21309 STC 2 Human Stanniocalcin-2 Human Recombinant
- GP21308 STC 1 Human Stanniocalcin-1 Human Recombinant
- GP21307 SST Somatostatin
- GP21306 Sincalide Sincalide (Cholecystokinin octapeptide, CCK-8) 是一种快速作用的胆囊收缩素 (CCK) 氨基酸多肽激素类似物,可用于静脉输液后胆囊造影。
- GP21305 Secretin Human 分泌素 人类
- GP21304 Calcitonin Salmon Calcitonin Acetate Salmon
- GP21303 PTHrP N15 Human Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein N15 Labeled Human Recombinant
- GP21302 PTHrP Human Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein Human Recombinant
- GP21301 PTH (7-34) Human Parathyroid Hormone (7-34) Human Recombinant
- GP21300 PTH (7-84) N15 Human Parathyroid Hormone (7-84) N15 Labeled Human Recombinant
- GP21299 PTH (7-84) Human Parathyroid Hormone (7-84) Human Recombinant
- GP21298 PTH (1-84) N15 Human Parathyroid Hormone (1-84) N15 Labeled Human Recombinant
- GP21297 PTH (1-84) Human Parathyroid Hormone (1-84) Human Recombinant
- GP21296 PTH (1-34) Human 甲状旁腺激素 (1-34) 人类
- GP21295 PTH Human Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) Human Recombinant
- GP21294 Proguanylin Human Proguanylin Human Recombinant
-
GP21293
Procalcitonin Rat
Procalcitonin Rat Recombinant
- GP21292 Procalcitonin Porcine Procalcitonin Porcine Recombinant
- GP21291 Procalcitonin Rhesus Procalcitonin Rhesus Recombinant
- GP21290 Procalcitonin Canine Procalcitonin Canine Recombinant
- GP21289 Procalcitonin Mouse Procalcitonin Mouse Recombinant
- GP21288 Procalcitonin Human, His Procalcitonin Human Recombinant, His Tag
- GP21287 Procalcitonin Human 降钙素原人重组体
- GP21286 Pramlintide 普兰林肽是人类胰淀素的多肽类似物。
- GP21285 OXM Porcine Oxyntomodulin Porcine Recombinant
- GP21284 PMSG 孕马血清促性腺激素
- GP21283 LH Porcine 促黄体激素猪
- GP21282 OT Human Oxytocin Human
- GP21281 OCT Human Octreotide Human
- GP21280 NAF Nafarelin Acetate
- GP21279 MT II Melanotan-II
- GP21278 MT I Melanotan-I
- GP21277 MG Human Menopausal Gonadotropin Human
- GP21276 Lypressin Lypressin
- GP21275 LHRH Human Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Human
- GP21274 LHRH Protein Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Human Recombinant
- GP21273 Leuprorelin Human Leuprolide Human
- GP21272 Lanreotide Lanreotide (BIM 23014) 是一种具有抗肿瘤活性的生长抑素类似物。