Lutein

Lutein is a naturally occurring carotenoid with multiple biological activities and is widely found in green leafy vegetables, corn, and egg yolks^[1]. Lutein is the main pigment component of the macula of the human retina and has strong antioxidant and blue light filtering properties^[2]. As an important dietary nutrient, Lutein can play a positive role in visual health and neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses^[3].

In vitro, Lutein (0.5-2.0μM) treatment of human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells) for 48h inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells, but had no effect on normal breast epithelial cells, induced breast cancer cell cycle arrest, and significantly increased the level of ROS in breast cancer cells^[4]. Lutein (1μM) pretreatment of ARPE-19 cells for 12h protected the cells from tert-butyl peroxide (tBHP)-induced oxidative stress and cell death^[5]. Pretreatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with stable angina (SA) with Lutein (1, 5, 25μM) for 24h reduced LPS-induced secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF, and decreased the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF mRNA in a dose-dependent manner^[6].

In vivo, Lutein (0.2mg/kg) was administered intraventricularly to treat ischemic stroke model mice, which improved the survival rate and neurological function score of the mice, reduced the infarct area and volume, and reduced the immunoreactivity of nitric oxide tyrosine, poly ADP ribose, and NFκB in brain tissue. It also reduced the levels of Cox-2, pERK, and pIκB in brain tissue, and increased the levels of Bcl-2, heat shock protein 70, and pAkt^[7].

References:
[1] Fuad N I N, Sekar M, Gan S H, et al. Lutein: A comprehensive review on its chemical, biological activities and therapeutic potentials[J]. 2020.
[2] Kijlstra A, Tian Y, Kelly E R, et al. Lutein: more than just a filter for blue light[J]. Progress in retinal and eye research, 2012, 31(4): 303-315.
[3] Mrowicka M, Mrowicki J, Kucharska E, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin and their roles in age-related macular degeneration—neurodegenerative disease[J]. Nutrients, 2022, 14(4): 827.
[4] Gong X, Smith J R, Swanson H M, et al. Carotenoid lutein selectively inhibits breast cancer cell growth and potentiates the effect of chemotherapeutic agents through ROS-mediated mechanisms[J]. Molecules, 2018, 23(4): 905.
[5] Gong X, Draper C S, Allison G S, et al. Effects of the macular carotenoid lutein in human retinal pigment epithelial cells[J]. Antioxidants, 2017, 6(4): 100.
[6] Chung R W S, Leanderson P, Lundberg A K, et al. Lutein exerts anti-inflammatory effects in patients with coronary artery disease[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2017, 262: 87-93.
[7] Li S Y, Yang D, Fu Z J, et al. Lutein enhances survival and reduces neuronal damage in a mouse model of ischemic stroke[J]. Neurobiology of disease, 2012, 45(1): 624-632.

Lutein是一种天然存在的类胡萝卜素，具有多种生物活性，广泛存在于绿叶蔬菜、玉米和蛋黄中^[1]。Lutein是人眼视网膜黄斑区的主要色素成分，具有强大的抗氧化和蓝光过滤特性^[2]。Lutein作为一种重要的膳食营养素，能够通过减少氧化应激和炎症反应，对视觉健康和神经保护起到积极作用^[3]。

在体外，Lutein（0.5-2.0μM）处理人类乳腺癌细胞系（MCF-7和MDA-MB-468细胞）48h，抑制了乳腺癌细胞生长，但对正常乳腺上皮细胞无影响，诱导了乳腺癌细胞周期阻滞，显著增加了乳腺癌细胞内ROS水平^[4]。Lutein（1μM）预处理ARPE-19细胞12h，保护了细胞免受叔丁基过氧化物（tBHP）诱导的氧化应激和细胞死亡^[5]。Lutein（1、5、25μM）预处理稳定型心绞痛（SA）患者的外周血单核细胞（PBMCs）24h，以剂量依赖性降低了LPS诱导的IL-6、IL-1β和TNF的分泌，降低了IL-6、IL-1β和TNF mRNA的表达^[6]。

在体内，Lutein（0.2mg/kg）通过脑室内注射治疗缺血性卒中模型小鼠，提高了小鼠的存活率和神经功能评分，减小了梗死面积和体积，降低了脑组织中一氧化氮酪氨酸、聚ADP核糖和NFκB的免疫反应性， 降低了脑组织中Cox-2、pERK和pIκB水平，升高了Bcl-2、热休克蛋白70和pAkt水平^[7]。