Citrinin-13C13

Citrinin-¹³C₁₃ is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of citrinin by GC- or LC-MS. Citrinin is a mycotoxin that has been found in Monascus and has diverse biological activities.^1,2,3,4 It is active against S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), rifampicin-resistant S. aureus, and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (MICs = 1.95, 3.9, 0.97, and 7.81 µg/ml, respectively), as well as the pathogenic yeast C. neoformans (MIC = 3.9 µg/ml).² It is cytotoxic to a variety of cells in vitro, including bovine kidney cells and mice embryonic stem cells.⁴ Citrinin (30 µM) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells, effects that can be blocked by the antioxidant resveratrol.³ In contrast, citrinin reduces glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in primary rat cortical neurons at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 nM and inhibits LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells at 0.625 to 40 µM.⁴ It is toxic to brine shrimp larvae (LD₅₀ = 96 µg/ml), as well as to rats and mice with oral LD₅₀ values of 50 and 87-105 mg/kg, respectively.^2,4 It induces reproductive abnormalities in male mice and toxic effects in the liver, kidney, heart, and gastrointestinal tracts of various animals.⁴ Citrinin has been found in stored cereal grains, as well as beans, fruit, and herbs.

1.Blanc, P.J., Laussac, J.P., Le Bars, P., et al.Characterization of monascidin A from Monascus as citrininInt. J. Food Microbiol.27(2-3)201-213(1995) 2.Subramani, R., Kumar, R., Prasad, P., et al.Cytotoxic and antibacterial substances against multi-drug resistant pathogens from marine sponge symbiont: Citrinin, a secondary metabolite of Penicillium sp.Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol.3(4)291-296(2013) 3.Chen, C.-C., and Chan, W.-H.Inhibition of citrinin-induced apoptotic biochemical signaling in human hepatoma G2 cells by resveratrolInt. J. Mol. Sci.10(8)3338-3357(2009) 4.Filho, A.R.d.S., Islam, M.T., Ali, E.S., et al.A comprehensive review on biological properties of citrininFood Chem. Toxicol.110130-141(2017)