Norepinephrine hydrochloride

Norepinephrine hydrochloride is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that acts on adrenergic receptors such as α1, α2, and β1, exhibiting pharmacological effects including vasoconstriction and blood pressure regulation^{[1, 2]}. Norepinephrine hydrochloride is commonly used as a neuroscience research tool to simulate sympathetic nervous system function and to investigate mechanisms related to drug addiction and sleep regulation^{[3, 4]}.

In vitro, Norepinephrine hydrochloride (100μM) enhanced the growth of Yersinia ruckeri strains cultured in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) containing 30% serum for 48h, but this growth-promoting effect was blocked by the adrenergic receptor antagonist labetalol (50, 100μM)^[5]. Treatment of primary adipocytes isolated from mouse inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) with Norepinephrine hydrochloride (10μM) for 6h significantly increased intracellular cAMP levels and promoted lipolysis^[6]. Treatment of PD 15 mouse Leydig cells with Norepinephrine hydrochloride (10μM) for 24h significantly increased the proportion of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) positive cells, promoting cell differentiation^[7].

In vivo, continuous intravenous infusion of Norepinephrine hydrochloride (5μg/kg/min) via osmotic minipumps in endotoxemic C57BL/6 mice for 3h dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IP-10, MIP-1α, and MCP-1) and elevated the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10^[8]. Intraperitoneal injection of Norepinephrine hydrochloride (1mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks in female C57BL/6J mice resulted in decreased ovarian weight, disrupted estrous cycles, reduced numbers of follicles at various developmental stages, and an increased number of atretic follicles^[9].

References:
[1] XU X, KAINDL J, CLARK M J, et al. Binding pathway determines norepinephrine selectivity for the human β1AR over β2AR[J]. Cell research, 2021, 31(5): 569-579.
[2] GU P, LI L, FU A, et al. High-performance fluorescence probe for fast and specific visualization of norepinephrine in vivo and depression-like mice[J]. Bioorganic Chemistry, 2023, 131: 106306.
[3] RAMOS B P, ARNSTEN A F. Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: focus on the prefrontal cortex[J]. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2007, 113(3): 523-536.
[4] VAN EGROO M, KOSHMANOVA E, VANDEWALLE G, et al. Importance of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in sleep-wake regulation: implications for aging and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Sleep medicine reviews, 2022, 62: 101592.
[5] TORABI DELSHAD S, SOLTANIAN S, SHARIFIYAZDI H, et al. Effect of catecholamine stress hormones (dopamine and norepinephrine) on growth, swimming motility, biofilm formation and virulence factors of Yersinia ruckeri in vitro and an in vivo evaluation in rainbow trout[J]. Journal of fish diseases, 2019, 42(4): 477-487.
[6] LITTLEJOHN N K, KEEN H L, WEIDEMANN B J, et al. Suppression of resting metabolism by the angiotensin AT2 receptor[J]. Cell reports, 2016, 16(6): 1548-1560.
[7] HUO S, ZHONG X, WU X, et al. Effects of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on the development of cultured Leydig cells in mice[J]. BioMed Research International, 2012, 2012: 503093.
[8] STOLK R F, VAN DER PASCH E, NAUMANN F, et al. Norepinephrine dysregulates the immune response and compromises host defense during sepsis[J]. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2020, 202(6): 830-842.
[9] HONG H, XIAO C, WENG L, et al. The effect of norepinephrine on ovarian dysfunction by mediating ferroptosis in mice model: Norepinephrine and ferroptosis[J]. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 2024, 57(4): 542.

Norepinephrine hydrochloride是一种作用于α1、α2、β1等肾上腺素能受体，具有收缩血管、调节血压等药理作用的儿茶酚胺类神经递质^[1,2]。Norepinephrine hydrochloride通常作为神经科学研究工具，模拟交感神经系统功能，用于药物成瘾和睡眠调节等机制研究^[3,4]。

在体外，Norepinephrine hydrochloride（100μM）在含有30%血清的胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤（TSB）中培养Yersinia ruckeri菌株48h，增强了菌株的生长，但该促生长作用可被肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂labetalol（50, 100μM）所阻断^[5]。Norepinephrine hydrochloride（10μM）处理从小鼠腹股沟白色脂肪组织（iWAT）分离的原代脂肪细胞6h，显著增加了细胞内的cAMP水平，并促进了脂解^[6]。Norepinephrine hydrochloride（10μM）处理PD 15小鼠间质细胞24h，显著增加了3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶（3β-HSD）阳性细胞的比例，促进了细胞的分化^[7]。

在体内，通过微型渗透泵对内毒素血症的C57BL/6小鼠连续静脉注射Norepinephrine hydrochloride（5μg/kg/min），3h后可剂量依赖性地抑制LPS诱导的血浆促炎细胞因子（TNF-α、IP-10、MIP-1α和MCP-1）水平，并提升了抗炎细胞因子IL-10的水平^[8]。Norepinephrine hydrochloride（1mg/kg/day）通过腹腔注射处理C57BL/6J雌性小鼠4周，引起小鼠卵巢重量下降，动情周期紊乱，各级卵泡数量减少，闭锁性卵泡增多^[9]。