AAI101
(Synonyms: Enmetazobactam) 目录号 : GC32165
A β-lactamase inhibitor
Cas No.:1001404-83-6
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >95.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
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Animal experiment: |
The 20 Enterobacteriaceae strains are used to infect groups of three mice each. At 2 h after inoculation, mice are treated with humanized regimens of cefepime or cefepime-AAI101. All doses are administered as 0.2-mL subcutaneous injections. To serve as control animals, an additional group of mice is administered normal saline at the same volume and frequency and by the same route. Thighs from all animals are harvested at 24 h after initiation of therapy. The harvesting procedure for all study mice began with euthanasia by CO2 exposure, followed by cervical dislocation. After sacrifice, thighs are removed and homogenized individually in normal saline. For determinations of the numbers of CFU, serial dilutions of thigh homogenates are spread onto Trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood using a spiral plater. In addition to the aforementioned treatment and control groups, another group of three infected but untreated mice is harvested at the initiation of dosing and served as a 0-h control. Efficacy, expressed as the change in bacterial density, is determined by calculation of the change in the log10 number of CFU obtained in mice after 24 h of treatment from the densities observed in the 0-h control animals. |
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References: [1]. Crandon JL, et al. In Vitro Activity of Cefepime/AAI101 and Comparators against Cefepime Non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae. Pathogens. 2015 Aug 18;4(3):620-5. |
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Enmetazobactam is a β-lactamase inhibitor.1 It has greater activity against class A β-lactamases (IC50s = 0.006-0.52 ?M) than class B or class D β-lactamases (IC50s = 8.7->100 ?M). Enmetazobactam in combination with the cephalosporin antibiotic cefepime is active against 223 Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates, including multidrug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, with an MIC50 value of 0.125 mg/L.2 In vivo, enmetazobactam reduces mortality in mouse models of septicemia induced by E. coli, K. pneumoniae, or E. cloacae when used in combination with cefepime.1
1.Papp-Wallace, K.M., Bethel, C.R., Caillon, J., et al.Beyond piperacillin-tazobactam: Cefepime and AAI101 as a potent β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinationAntimicrob Agents Chemother.63(5)e00105-00119(2019) 2.Crandon, J.L., and Nicolau, D.P.In vitro activity of cefepime/AAI101 and comparators against cefepime non-susceptible EnterobacteriaceaePathogens4(3)620-625(2015)
| Cas No. | 1001404-83-6 | SDF | |
| 别名 | Enmetazobactam | ||
| Canonical SMILES | C[N+]1=NN(C[C@@](S([C@]2([H])C3)(=O)=O)(C)[C@H](C([O-])=O)N2C3=O)C=C1 | ||
| 分子式 | C11H14N4O5S | 分子量 | 314.32 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO : ≥ 113.3 mg/mL (360.46 mM) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 3.1815 mL | 15.9074 mL | 31.8147 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.6363 mL | 3.1815 mL | 6.3629 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.3181 mL | 1.5907 mL | 3.1815 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Beyond Piperacillin-Tazobactam: Cefepime and AAI101 as a Potent β-Lactam-β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combination
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019 Apr 25;63(5):e00105-19.PMID:30858223DOI:10.1128/AAC.00105-19.
Impeding, as well as reducing, the burden of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens is an urgent public health endeavor. Our current antibiotic armamentarium is dwindling, while major resistance determinants (e.g., extended-spectrum β-lactamases [ESBLs]) continue to evolve and disseminate around the world. One approach to attack this problem is to develop novel therapies that will protect our current agents. AAI101 is a novel penicillanic acid sulfone β-lactamase inhibitor similar in structure to tazobactam, with one important difference. AAI101 possesses a strategically placed methyl group that gives the inhibitor a net neutral charge, enhancing bacterial cell penetration. AAI101 paired with cefepime, also a zwitterion, is in phase III of clinical development for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections. Here, AAI101 was found to restore the activity of cefepime against class A ESBLs (e.g., CTX-M-15) and demonstrated increased potency compared to that of piperacillin-tazobactam when tested against an established isogenic panel. The enzymological properties of AAI101 further revealed that AAI101 possessed a unique mechanism of β-lactamase inhibition compared to that of tazobactam. Additionally, upon reaction with AAI101, CTX-M-15 was modified to an inactive state. Notably, the in vivo efficacy of cefepime-AAI101 was demonstrated using a mouse septicemia model, indicating the ability of AAI101 to bolster significantly the therapeutic efficacy of cefepime in vivo The combination of AAI101 with cefepime represents a potential carbapenem-sparing treatment regimen for infections suspected to be caused by Enterobacteriaceae expressing ESBLs.
In Vitro Activity of Cefepime/AAI101 and Comparators against Cefepime Non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae
Pathogens 2015 Aug 18;4(3):620-5.PMID:26295262DOI:10.3390/pathogens4030620.
We evaluated the in vitro potency of cefepime combined with AAI101, a novel extended-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitor, against a population of clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected from USA hospitals. Of the 223 cefepime non-susceptible isolates, 95% were ceftazidime non-susceptible, 49% ertapenem non-susceptible, 57% piperacillin/tazobactam non-susceptible, 90% were multidrug-resistant (resistant to ≿ drug classes), 22% produced carbapenemases, and 67% produced ESBLs. Addition of AAI101 restored the activity of cefepime such that the MIC50 was reduced from >64 mg/L for cefepime to 0.13 mg/L for cefepime/AAI101, supporting its continued development treatment for infections caused by these organisms.
In vivo activities of simulated human doses of cefepime and cefepime-AAI101 against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015 May;59(5):2688-94.PMID:25712356DOI:10.1128/AAC.00033-15.
The combination of cefepime with AAI101, a novel extended-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitor, possesses potent in vitro activity against many resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Against a panel of 20 mostly carbapenemase-producing cefepime-nonsusceptible strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae, we evaluated the MICs of cefepime in the presence of various fixed AAI101 concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/liter) and the in vivo efficacy of simulated human doses of cefepime and cefepime-AAI101 in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model. At 2 h after inoculation, mice were dosed with regimens that provided a profile mimicking the free drug concentration-time profile observed in humans given cefepime at 2 g every 8 h (q8h; as a 30-min infusion) or cefepime-AAI101 at 2 g/0.5 g q8h (as a 30-min infusion). Efficacy was determined by calculation of the change in thigh bacterial density (log10 number of CFU) after 24 h relative to the starting inoculum (0 h). After 24 h, bacterial growth of 2.7 ± 0.1 log10 CFU (mean ± standard error) was observed in control animals. Efficacy for cefepime monotherapy was observed against only 3 isolates, whereas increases in bacterial density similar to that in the control animals were noted for the remaining 17 strains (all with cefepime MICs of ≿64 mg/liter). The humanized cefepime-AAI101 dosing regimen resulted in bacterial reductions of ≿0.5 log10 CFU for 12 of the 20 strains. Evaluation of efficacy as a function of the fraction of the dosing interval during which free drug concentrations were above the MIC determined with different fixed concentrations of AAI101 suggested that a fixed concentration of 8 mg/liter AAI101 is most predictive of in vivo activity for the studied regimen.
A resurgence of β-lactamase inhibitor combinations effective against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens
Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015 Nov;46(5):483-93.PMID:26498989DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.08.011.
β-Lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) have played an important role in combatting β-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, but their effectiveness has diminished with the evolution of diverse and deleterious varieties of β-lactamases. In this review, a new generation of BLIs and inhibitor combinations is presented, describing epidemiological information, pharmacodynamic studies, resistance identification and current clinical status. Novel serine BLIs of major interest include the non-β-lactams of the diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanone (DBO) series. The DBOs avibactam, relebactam and RG6080 inhibit most class A and class C β-lactamases, with selected inhibition of class D enzymes by avibactam. The novel boronic acid inhibitor RPX7009 has a similar inhibitory profile. All of these inhibitors are being developed in combinations that are targeting primarily carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative pathogens. Two BLI combinations (ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam) were recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the designation of a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP). Other inhibitor combinations that have at least completed phase 1 clinical trials are ceftaroline fosamil/avibactam, aztreonam/avibactam, imipenem/relebactam, meropenem/RPX7009 and cefepime/AAI101. Although effective inhibitor combinations are in development for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria with serine carbapenemases, better options are still necessary for pathogens that produce metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). The aztreonam/avibactam combination demonstrates inhibitory activity against MBL-producing enteric bacteria owing to the stability of the monobactam to these enzymes, but resistance is still an issue for MBL-producing non-fermentative bacteria. Because all of the inhibitor combinations are being developed as parenteral drugs, an orally bioavailable combination would also be of interest.
Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics of Enmetazobactam Combined with Cefepime in a Neutropenic Murine Thigh Infection Model
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020 May 21;64(6):e00078-20.PMID:32253212DOI:10.1128/AAC.00078-20.
Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are classified as critical priority pathogens, with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) as principal resistance determinants. Enmetazobactam (formerly AAI101) is a novel ESBL inhibitor developed in combination with cefepime for empirical treatment of serious Gram-negative infections in settings where ESBLs are prevalent. Cefepime-enmetazobactam has been investigated in a phase 3 trial in patients with complicated urinary tract infections or acute pyelonephritis. This study examined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationships of enmetazobactam, in combination with cefepime, for ESBL-producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in 26-h murine neutropenic thigh infection models. Enmetazobactam dose fractionation identified the time above a free threshold concentration (fT > CT ) as the PK-PD index predictive of efficacy. Nine ESBL-producing isolates of K. pneumoniae, resistant to cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam, were included in enmetazobactam dose-ranging studies. The isolates encoded CTX-M-type, SHV-12, DHA-1, and OXA-48 β-lactamases and covered a cefepime-enmetazobactam MIC range from 0.06 to 2 μg/ml. Enmetazobactam restored the efficacy of cefepime against all isolates tested. Sigmoid curve fitting across the combined set of isolates identified enmetazobactam PK-PD targets for stasis and for a 1-log10 bioburden reduction of 8% and 44% fT > 2 μg/ml, respectively, with a concomitant cefepime PK-PD target of 40 to 60% fT > cefepime-enmetazobactam MIC. These findings support clinical dose selection and breakpoint setting for cefepime-enmetazobactam.