Zopolrestat
(Synonyms: 唑泊司他,CP73850) 目录号 : GC45911
A potent aldose reductase inhibitor
Cas No.:110703-94-1
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
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- Purity: >99.50%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Zopolrestat is a potent inhibitor of aldose reductase (IC50s = 1.9 and 41 nM for the human placenta and rat lens enzymes, respectively).1 It inhibits sorbitol accumulation in human and rat erythrocytes (IC50s = 370 and 220 nM, respectively). Zopolrestat (50 μM) inhibits ethanol-induced aldose reductase activity and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells.2 In vivo, zopolrestat (50 mg/kg) reduces sciatic nerve, retina, and lens accumulation of sorbitol in a rat model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin .1 It also reduces protein excretion and maintains lens transparency and myo-inositol content, markers of cataract development, in rats with STZ-induced diabetes when administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg.3 Zopolrestat also inhibits glyoxalase I (GLOI; Ki = 18 μM).4
|1. Mylari, B.L., Larson, E.R., Beyer, T.A., et al. Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-Dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners. J. Med. Chem. 34(1), 108-122 (1991).|2. Qiu, L., Cai, C., Zhao, X., et al. Inhibition of aldose reductase ameliorates ethanol•induced steatosis in HepG2 cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 15(5), 2732-2736 (2017).|3. Beyer-Mears, A., Mistry, K., Diecke, F.P.J., et al. Zopolrestat prevention of proteinuria, albuminuria and cataractogenesis in diabetes mellitus. Pharmacology 52(5), 292-302 (1996).|4. Zhai, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, L., et al. Zopolrestat as a human glyoxalase•I inhibitor and its structural basis. ChemMedChem 8(9), 1462-1464 (2013).
| Cas No. | 110703-94-1 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 唑泊司他,CP73850 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(CC(O)=O)=NN1CC3=NC(C=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C4)=C4S3 | ||
| 分子式 | C19H12F3N3O3S | 分子量 | 419.4 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO: 20 mg/ml | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 2.3844 mL | 11.9218 mL | 23.8436 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.4769 mL | 2.3844 mL | 4.7687 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.2384 mL | 1.1922 mL | 2.3844 mL |
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2.
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Zopolrestat Induced Suicidal Death of Human Erythrocytes
Cell Physiol Biochem 2015;37(4):1537-46.PMID:26512879DOI:10.1159/000438521.
Background/aims: The aldose reductase inhibitor Zopolrestat has been shown to either decrease or increase apoptosis, the suicidal death of nucleated cells. Erythrocytes may similarly enter suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include oxidative stress, Ca2+ entry with increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), and ceramide formation. The present study explored, whether and how Zopolrestat induces eryptosis. Methods: Phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin V binding, cell volume from forward scatter, oxidative stress from DCFDA dependent fluorescence, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. Results: A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to Zopolrestat (≥ 150 µg/ml) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, significantly decreased forward scatter (≥ 125 µg/ml), significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence (200 µg/ml), significantly increased ceramide abundance (150 µg/ml), but did not significantly modify DCFDA fluorescence. The effect of Zopolrestat on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+. Conclusions: Exposure of human erythrocytes to Zopolrestat triggers cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling, an effect in part due to Ca2+ entry and ceramide.
Zopolrestat prevention of proteinuria, albuminuria and cataractogenesis in diabetes mellitus
Pharmacology 1996 May;52(5):292-302.PMID:8807673DOI:10.1159/000139394.
The aldose reductase inhibitor, Zopolrestat, reduced proteinuria and albuminuria in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats compared with both untreated diabetic and age-matched controls. Daily administration of Zopolrestat (100 mg/kg) for 4 months decreased 24 h total protein excretion to 15.07 +/- 2.17 mg from 49.97 +/- 7.94 mg/day in untreated diabetic rats. Zopolrestat protected against excretion of any array of urinary proteins with molecular weights between 30 and 100 kD. These effects were sustained throughout the 5th and 6th months of treatment. At the end of 6 months, Zopolrestat-treated diabetic rats excreted 22.77 +/- 4.39 mg/day compared to untreated diabetic rats (67.05 +/- 14.03 mg/day), a 6-fold increase in urinary protein excretion compared to age-matched nondiabetic controls (11.65 +/- 1.71 mg/day). Zopolrestat treatment for 6 months produced therapeutic effects in the lens: transparency and myo-inositol content were maintained and lens sorbitol diminished, despite elevated lens glucose. In contrast, untreated diabetic rats had opaque lenses which exhibited a 40-fold increase in sorbitol and myo-inositol depletion. In opaque lenses, ouabain-sensitive Rb influx, an index of Na-K-ATPase activity, decreased to only 53.8% of mean values in age-matched controls; the ouabain-insensitive component increased by 63.6%. Zopolrestat treatment prevented these diabetic-induced changes and maintained ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive Rb influx. Collectively, these results suggest that Zopolrestat exerts a protective effect on the slowly developing diabetic cataract, as well as reducing albuminuria and proteinuria.
Pharmacokinetics of Zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, in normal and diabetic rats
Pharm Res 1991 Dec;8(12):1511-5.PMID:1808615DOI:10.1023/a:1015894300247.
The pharmacokinetics of Zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, were examined in normal male rats dosed intravenously at 2 mg/kg and in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic male rats after oral administration at 50 mg/kg. After oral dosing, Cmax was 127 micrograms/ml for normal rats and 144 micrograms/ml for diabetic rats. AUC(0-infinity), however, was lower for diabetic rats than for normal rats and plasma half-life was longer in normal rats (8.0 vs 6.6 hr). Half-lives of Zopolrestat in nerve, kidney, and lens were longer than plasma half-life and were similar for both diabetic and normal rats. Less than 2% of the dose was excreted in the urine as unchanged Zopolrestat during the 48-hr period following dosing by diabetic or normal rats. Protein binding of Zopolrestat was less extensive in plasma from diabetic rats than in plasma from normal rats. Similar kinetics were observed in diabetic animals receiving five daily doses of Zopolrestat at 50 mg/kg/day. There was no plasma or liver accumulation of Zopolrestat at steady state, consistent with the observed half-lives. However, Zopolrestat did accumulate in nerve, kidney, and lens to varying degrees during multiple dosing, reflecting the longer half-lives of Zopolrestat in these tissues.
Pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor, Zopolrestat, in humans
J Clin Pharmacol 1994 Jul;34(7):760-6.PMID:7929871DOI:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1994.tb02037.x.
The pharmacokinetics of Zopolrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor that may be useful for the treatment of complications of diabetes, have been investigated using oral doses ranging from 50 to 1200 mg administered to healthy male volunteers. In a single-dose study, Cmax, AUC(0-48), and urinary elimination of Zopolrestat increased linearly with increasing dose. The amount of Zopolrestat excreted unchanged in the urine within 48 hours ranged from 34 to 45% of the administered dose. Renal clearance ranged from 2.6 to 5.6 mL/min, and appeared to decrease as the dose was increased. In a 2-week multiple dose study, the mean steady-state minimum and maximum plasma concentrations, Cmin and Cmax, were 91.5 and 196 micrograms/mL for subjects administered 800 mg/day, and 131 and 281 micrograms/mL for subjects administered 1200 mg/day. Steady-state AUC(0-24) was also dose proportional. The mean steady state half life of about 30.3 hours was consistent with the observed 2.2-fold accumulation in plasma. Apparent oral clearance (Clpo) was 5.2 mL/min, and apparent volume of distribution (Vdss/F) was 12 L. Mean renal clearance was 2.2 mL/min, and approximately 45% of the administered dose was excreted into the urine at steady state. There was no effect of food consumption during dosing on the extent of absorption of Zopolrestat. In in vitro studies, extensive, concentration-dependent binding of Zopolrestat to plasma proteins was observed. These data indicate that once-daily dosing of Zopolrestat will provide suitable exposure in the treatment of diabetic complications.
Comparison of the effects of Zopolrestat and Sorbinil on lens myo-inositol influx
Pharmacology 1997 Feb;54(2):76-83.PMID:9088040DOI:10.1159/000139472.
The effects of two structurally dissimilar aldose reductase inhibitors, Zopolrestat and Sorbinil, were investigated on the sodium-dependent, myo-inositol (MI) cotransporter in rat lenses maintained in either normal (5.5 mmol/l) or high sugar medium (35.5 mmol/l glucose or 30 mmol/l galactose). MI influx was compared to the lens polyol content. The effects of Sorbinil (10, 20 and 40 mumol/l) were determined on normal lens MI influx. At all concentrations, Sorbinil had no effect on normal MI influx; therefore, there was no direct effect on the MI transporter. Acute exposure (4-hour incubation) in either high D- or L-glucose media significantly inhibited lens MI influx, which was attributed to competitive inhibition by either D- or L-glucose with MI cotransporter. Due to the short incubation period and rapid metabolism of D-glucose to fructose, there was a low level of polyol (sorbitol) in these lenses. Thus, concomitant administration of Sorbinil (10, 20 and 40 mumol/l) had no significant effect on MI influx in this short-term experiment. Sorbinil had no effect in the presence of L-glucose because L-glucose was not metabolized; thus the polyol content remained normal. To investigate the effects of large accumulations of polyol, lenses were preincubated for 8, 12 and 16 h in 30 mmol/l galactose medium. Large amounts of polyol (galactitol) rapidly accumulated because galactitol was not metabolized. Galactose served as substrate for aldose reductase, and lens polyol (galactitol) content increased markedly. Inhibition of MI influx directly correlated with the increased lens polyol content. Lens polyol accumulation resulted in noncompetitive inhibition of MI influx. Coadministration of 40 mumol/l Sorbinil inhibited 80% of polyol formation and protected 80% of MI influx. Furthermore, in the presence of Sorbinil, lens galactose increased rapidly and equilibrated with galactose in the medium further indicating that Sorbinil inhibited aldose reductase. The effects of 40 mumol/l Sorbinil were compared to 40 mumol/l Zopolrestat. Zopolrestat was as effective as Sorbinil; both aldose reductase inhibitors maintained MI influx at approximately 80% of control values after 12- and 16-hour incubations in high galactose medium. In conclusion, Sorbinil did not exert a direct effect on the sodium-dependent, MI cotransport system or prevent the direct competitive inhibition of either D- or L-glucose. Sorbinil and Zopolrestat inhibited lens polyol formation, thereby eliminating noncompetitive inhibition of MI influx.