Levetimide
目录号 : GC36442
Levetimide 是一种有效的立体选择性 [3H](+)pentazocine 结合抑制剂，Ki 为 2.2 nM。
Cas No.:21888-99-3
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >99.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Levetimide is a potent and stereoselective inhibitor of [3H](+)pentazocine binding, with a Ki of 2.2 nM[1].
Levetimide potently inhibits [3H]DTG binding although without stereoselectivity (Ki value of 103 nM) [1].
[1]. DeHaven-Hudkins DL, et al. Binding of dexetimide and levetimide to [3H](+)pentazocine- and [3H]1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine-defined sigma recognition sites. Life Sci. 1991;49(18):PL135-9.
| Cas No. | 21888-99-3 | SDF | |
| Canonical SMILES | O=C(N1)[C@](C2=CC=CC=C2)(CCC1=O)C3CCN(CC3)CC4=CC=CC=C4 | ||
| 分子式 | C23H26N2O2 | 分子量 | 362.46 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO: ≥ 100 mg/mL (275.89 mM) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 2.7589 mL | 13.7946 mL | 27.5893 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.5518 mL | 2.7589 mL | 5.5179 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.2759 mL | 1.3795 mL | 2.7589 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Binding of dexetimide and Levetimide to [3H](+)pentazocine- and [3H]1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine-defined sigma recognition sites
Life Sci 1991;49(18):PL135-9.PMID:1656155DOI:10.1016/0024-3205(91)90203-n.
The potent antimuscarinic benzetimide and its resolved stereoisomers dexetimide and Levetimide were tested for their affinities at sigma sites labelled by [3H](+)pentazocine or [3H]1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine. Levetimide was a potent and stereoselective inhibitor of [3H](+)pentazocine binding, with a Ki of 2.2 nM, while dexetimide was nine-fold less potent (Ki = 19 nM). Dexetimide and Levetimide potently inhibited [3H]DTG binding although without stereoselectivity (Ki values of 65 and 103 nM, respectively). Levetimide may be a useful tool with which to investigate sigma recognition sites and sigma subtypes.
Synthesis of radiotracers for studying muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the living human brain using positron emission tomography: [11C]dexetimide and [11C]Levetimide
Int J Rad Appl Instrum A 1988;39(4):291-5.PMID:2838435DOI:10.1016/0883-2889(88)90018-4.
Dexetimide (Fig. 1a), a potent muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, and Levetimide (Fig. 1b), its pharmacologically inactive enantiomer, were labeled with 11C for non-invasive in vivo studies of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the human brain using positron emission tomography. The syntheses were completed in approximately 32 min using [alpha-11C]benzyl iodide as the precursor. The synthesis, purification, characterization and determination of specific activity are presented and discussed.
Stereoselective binding in cardiac tissue of the enatiomers of benzetimide, and antimuscarinic drug
Br J Pharmacol 1976 Apr;56(4):485-90.PMID:1260229DOI:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1976.tb07461.x.
1 Benzetimide, possessing two stable enantiomers, dexetimide and Levetimide, has been investigated in guinea-pig atria with respect to its atropine-like action and its tissue distribution. 2 The antagonistic potency of dexetimide was found to be over 6000 times higher than that of Levetimide, the pA2 values being 9.82 and 6.0 respectively. 3 The tissue accumulation was investigated for both isomers in the concentration range from 1.5 X 10(-9) M to 10(-6) M yielding tissue to medium ratios (T/M) of between approximately 50 and 10. The highest values were found for the lowest concentrations. At any concentration investigated, dexetimide exhibited a higher uptake than the levoisomer. 4 The rate of uptake and washout of dexetimide was extremely slow, that of Levetimide being considerably faster at equimolar concentrations. The same pattern held true for the onset and decline of the antagonistic action. 5 The high accumulation was found to be almost entirely due to unspecific binding. Even in the case of dexetimide the relative size of the receptor compartment could not be determined. The unspecific binding sites displayed a certain stereoselectivity but to a much lesser extent than the specific receptor binding sites.
Direct binding and functional studies on muscarinic cholinoceptors in porcine coronary artery
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990 Feb;252(2):765-9.PMID:2313599doi
The muscarinic cholinoceptors in porcine coronary artery were identified and characterized by a binding assay using (-)-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and also by pharmacological method. Specific (-)-[3H]QNB binding in the coronary artery was saturable and of high affinity (Kd = 0.08 nM), and it showed a pharmacological specificity as well as stereoselectivity which characterized muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic antagonists competed with the (-)-[3H]QNB binding in order: nonlabeled QNB greater than dexetimide greater than atropine greater than pirenzepine greater than AF-DX 116 greater than Levetimide greater than gallamine. Dexetimide was approximately 2000 times as potent as Levetimide. The potencies (pKi) of these muscarinic antagonists in competing for (-)-[3H]QNB binding sites in porcine coronary artery correlated well with their pharmacological potencies (pA2 for antagonistic effect of acetylcholine-induced contraction of coronary artery). The decrease in the (-)-[3H]QNB binding by atropine and pirenzepine was due to a reduction in the apparent affinity with little change in the number of maximal binding sites, suggesting a competitive antagonism. Specific (-)-[3H]QNB binding (Kd and maximal number of binding sites) in porcine coronary artery was not changed by the removal of endothelium. We conclude: 1) (-)-[3H]QNB selectively labels the physiologically relevant muscarinic receptors in porcine coronary artery and 2) the majority of these receptors is localized on vascular smooth muscles and the receptors mediate the acetylcholine-induced contractile response of coronary artery.
Stereospecificity in binding studies. A useful criterion though insufficient to prove the presence of receptors
Biochem Pharmacol 1988 Jan 1;37(1):37-40.PMID:2827683DOI:10.1016/0006-2952(88)90752-6.
In binding studies, stereospecificity is not a property restricted to receptor sites; indeed stereospecific binding has also been observed for acceptor sites. Therefore it does not represent a decisive criterion to make a binding site, a receptor site. However, in some well established cases, it can be useful especially when the difference between the active and inactive enantiomer exceeds 1000-fold as is the case for dexetimide and Levetimide on muscarinic receptors. Stereospecific effect is also detectable with acceptor sites, e.g. spirodecanone sites, levocabastine displaceable neurotensin and, presumably, many other ones. Since the membrane is chiral (L-aminoacid) one should expect that non-specific displaceable binding would also display stereospecificity. In this regard, as most of the Scatchard plots reported throughout the literature are curvilinear, even if a straight line is drawn, one may assume that this is due to the presence of acceptor sites that are labelled by the ligand in addition to receptor sites. One cannot exclude the repetition of another "levocabastine story" with other neuropeptides. Hence, as the biochemical criteria like high affinity, saturability, reversibility and stereospecificity cannot differentiate a receptor from an acceptor (see Table 1), the most important and decisive criteria remain: (1) the drug displacement with compounds belonging to different pharmacological classes but mostly to different chemical classes, and (2) the functional correlates between the binding affinity and the potency in pharmacological or physiological tests in vitro or in vivo. When these points are fulfilled a binding site may be called a receptor site.