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AR420626

目录号 : GC42831

A selective FFAR3 (GPR41) agonist

AR420626 Chemical Structure

Cas No.:1798310-55-0

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500μg
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10mg
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产品描述

Free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3; GPR41) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). It is expressed in adipose tissue, the gastrointestinal tract, and the peripheral nervous system, and it is involved in SCFA-dependent energy regulation.[1]  AR420626 is a selective agonist of FFAR3 (GPR41; IC50 = 117 nM) that does not activate the related receptor FFAR2 (GPR43) at concentrations up to 100 µM.[2] At 10 µM, it can stimulate a 1.26-fold increased release of glucagon-like peptide-1 from colonic crypt cultures.[3]

Reference:
[1]. Inoue, D., Tsujimoto, G., and Kimura, I. Regulation of energy homeostasis by GPR41. Front.Endocrinol.(Lausanne) 5, 1-3 (2014).
[2]. Engelstoft, M.S., Park, W.m., Sakata, I., et al. Seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor repertoire of gastric ghrelin cells. Mol.Metab. 2(4), 376-392 (2013).
[3]. Nohr, M.K., Pedersen, M.H., Gille, A., et al. GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. Endocrinology 154(10), 3552-3564 (2013).

Chemical Properties

Cas No. 1798310-55-0 SDF
化学名 N-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-(2-furanyl)-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-2-methyl-5-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxamide
Canonical SMILES ClC1=CC(NC(C2=C(C)NC(CCCC3=O)=C3C2C4=CC=CO4)=O)=C(Cl)C=C1
分子式 C21H18Cl2N2O3 分子量 417.3
溶解度 5mg/mL in DMSO, 2mg/mL in DMF 储存条件 Store at -20°C
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储备液的保存方式和期限:-80°C 储存时,请在 6 个月内使用,-20°C 储存时,请在 1 个月内使用。
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溶解性数据

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1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 2.3964 mL 11.9818 mL 23.9636 mL
5 mM 0.4793 mL 2.3964 mL 4.7927 mL
10 mM 0.2396 mL 1.1982 mL 2.3964 mL
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Research Update

Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect of osteocalcin in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Microbiome 2021 Jan 31;9(1):34.PMID:33517890DOI:10.1186/s40168-020-00988-6.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no absolute cure. The evidence of the involvement of gut microbiota in PD pathogenesis suggests the need to identify certain molecule(s) derived from the gut microbiota, which has the potential to manage PD. Osteocalcin (OCN), an osteoblast-secreted protein, has been shown to modulate brain function. Thus, it is of interest to investigate whether OCN could exert protective effect on PD and, if yes, whether the underlying mechanism lies in the subsequent changes in gut microbiota. Results: The intraperitoneal injection of OCN can effectively ameliorate the motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD mouse model. The further antibiotics treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments confirmed that the gut microbiota was required for OCN-induced protection in PD mice. OCN elevated Bacteroidetes and depleted Firmicutes phyla in the gut microbiota of PD mice with elevated potential of microbial propionate production and was confirmed by fecal propionate levels. Two months of orally administered propionate successfully rescued motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD mice. Furthermore, AR420626, the agonist of FFAR3, which is the receptor of propionate, mimicked the neuroprotective effects of propionate and the ablation of enteric neurons blocked the prevention of dopaminergic neuronal loss by propionate in PD mice. Conclusions: Together, our results demonstrate that OCN ameliorates motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD mice, modulating gut microbiome and increasing propionate level might be an underlying mechanism responsible for the neuroprotective effects of OCN on PD, and the FFAR3, expressed in enteric nervous system, might be the main action site of propionate. Video abstract.

AR420626, a selective agonist of GPR41/FFA3, suppresses growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis via HDAC inhibition

Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020 Mar 20;12:1758835920913432.PMID:33014144DOI:10.1177/1758835920913432.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide and establishment of new chemotherapies for HCC is urgently needed. GPR41 [free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3)] is a G protein-coupled receptor for short chain fatty acids, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate. In our previous study, we showed that propionate enhances the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin in HCC cells and that this mechanism is dependent on inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) via GPR41/FFA3. However, the antitumor action of GPR41/FFA3 has not been elucidated. Methods: In this study, we examined AR420626 as a GPR41-selective agonist in HepG2 and HLE cells. Nude mice were used for HepG2 xenograft studies. The apoptotic effect of AR420626 was evaluated using flow cytometry analysis. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins and HDACs was evaluated by Western immunoblot. Gene silencing of HDAC 3/5/7 and GPR41 was performed using small interfering RNA. Expression of TNF-α mRNA was evaluated by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: We found that AR420626, a selective GPR41/FFA3 agonist, suppressed growth of HepG2 xenografts and inhibited proliferation of HCC cells by inducing apoptosis. AR420626 induced proteasome activation through mTOR phosphorylation, which reduced HDAC proteins, and then increased expression of TNF-α. Conclusion: AR420626, a selective GPR41/FFA3 agonist, may be a candidate as a therapeutic agent for HCC.

The effect of short-chain fatty acids on M2 macrophages polarization in vitro and in vivo

Clin Exp Immunol 2022 Jan 28;207(1):53-64.PMID:35020860DOI:10.1093/cei/uxab028.

Alternatively activated macrophages (M2 polarization) play an important role in asthma. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) possessed immune-regulatory functions, but their effects on M2 polarization of alveolar macrophages and its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In our study, murine alveolar macrophage MH-S cell line and human monocyte-derived macrophages were used to polarize to M2 subset with interleukin-4 (IL-4) treatment. The underlying mechanisms involved were investigated using molecule inhibitors/agonists. In vivo, female C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups: CON group, ovalbumin (OVA) asthma group, OVA+Acetate group, OVA+Butyrate group, and OVA+Propionate group. Mice were fed with or without SCFAs (Acetate, Butyrate, Propionate) in drinking water for 20 days before developing OVA-induced asthma model. In MH-S, SCFAs inhibited IL-4-incuced protein or mRNA expressions of M2-associated genes in a dose-dependent manner. G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) agonist 4-CMTB and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (trichostatin A, TSA), but not GPR41 agonist AR420626 could inhibit the protein or mRNA expressions M2-associated genes. 4-CMTB, but not TSA, had no synergistic role in the inhibitory effect of SCFAs on M2 polarization. In vivo study indicated Butyrate and Propionate, but not Acetate, attenuated OVA-induced M2 polarization in the lung and airway inflammation. We also found the inhibitory effect of SCFAs on M2 polarization in human-derived macrophages. Therefore, SCFAs inhibited M2 polarization in MH-S likely through GPR43 activation and/or HDAC inhibition. Butyrate and Propionate but not Acetate could inhibit M2 polarization and airway inflammation in asthma model. SCFAs also abrogated M2 polarization in human-derived macrophages.

Short-chain fatty acid receptors involved in epithelial acetylcholine release in rat caecum

Eur J Pharmacol 2021 Sep 5;906:174292.PMID:34216575DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174292.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the microbial fermentation of carbohydrates are important energy substrates for mammals. Intestinal epithelia respond to these metabolites by stimulation of anion secretion via the release of epithelial acetylcholine. The present experiments were performed to discover which of the known receptors for SCFAs are expressed in rat caecum, the most important site of fermentation within the intestine of non-ruminant mammals. Using the increase in short-circuit current (Isc) induced by anion secretion as the readout, the order of efficiency of the tested SCFAs in rat caecum was propionate > butyrate > acetate. Both synthetic high-affinity selective free fatty acid (FFA) receptor agonists 4-CMTB (FFA2 receptor) and AR420626 (FFA3 receptor) partially mimicked the effect of propionate on Isc (IProp). IProp was concentration-dependently inhibited by the FFA3 receptor antagonist β-OH-butyrate. Although no antagonist of rat FFA2 receptor is available, coadministration of the allosteric FFA2 receptor agonist 4-CMTB together with a low concentration of propionate potentiated IProp, suggesting that FFA2 receptor is involved in sensing of short-chain fatty acids as well. The expression of both receptor types was confirmed by qPCR (with FFA2 > FFA3 receptor). Immunohistochemical staining revealed the localization of FFA2 receptor in the surface epithelium and the FFA3 receptor expression predominantly in enteroendocrine cells and subepithelial nerve-like fibers. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that the anion secretion induced by the microbial metabolite propionate in rat caecum is enhanced by activation of FFA2 and FFA3 receptor expressed in different cell types within the caecal epithelium.

Free fatty acid receptor 3 activation suppresses neurogenic motility in rat proximal colon

Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018 Jan;30(1):10.1111/nmo.13157.PMID:28714277DOI:10.1111/nmo.13157.

Background: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are microbial fermentation products absorbed by the colon. We recently reported that activation of the SCFA receptor termed free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3), expressed on cholinergic nerves, suppresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated transepithelial anion secretion. This study aimed to clarify how activation of neurally expressed FFA3 affects colonic motor function. Methods: FFA3-expressing myenteric neurons were identified by immunostaining; contractions of isolated circular muscle strips obtained from rat proximal colon were measured by isometric transducers. The effect of FFA3 agonists on defecation in vivo was examined in an exogenous serotonin-induced defecation model. Key results: FFA3 immunoreactivity was located in nitrergic and cholinergic neurons in the myenteric plexus. In isolated circular muscle strips without mucosa and submucosa, the addition of nicotine (10 μM) or serotonin transiently relaxed the muscle through nitrergic neurons, whereas high concentrations of nicotine (100 μM) induced large-amplitude contractions that were mediated by cholinergic neurons. Pretreatment with FFA3 agonists inhibited nicotine- or serotonin-induced motility changes but had no effect on bethanechol-induced direct muscle contractions. The Gi/o inhibitor pertussis toxin reversed the inhibitory effect of an FFA3 agonist AR420626 on nicotine-evoked contractions, suggesting that FFA3 activation suppresses nAChR-mediated neural activity in myenteric neurons, consistent with an FFA3-mediated antisecretory effect. In conscious rats, exogenous serotonin increased the volume of fecal output, compared with the vehicle- or AR420626-treated groups. Pretreatment with AR420626 significantly suppressed serotonin-induced fecal output. Conclusion and inferences: FFA3 is a promising target for the treatment of neurogenic diarrheal disorders by suppressing nAChR-mediated neural pathways.