L-Glutamic acid
(Synonyms: L-谷氨酸) 目录号 : GA10750
L-Glutamic acid是哺乳动物中枢神经系统（CNS）中的主要兴奋性神经递质。L-Glutamic acid有两种主要类型的受体：离子型(NMDA-, AMPA- and kainate-selective iGluRs)和代谢型谷氨酸受体。L-Glutamic acid对突触后N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体的激动作用产生兴奋毒性，从而导致神经退行性病变。
Cas No.:56-86-0
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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L-Glutamic acid is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS)[1]. L-Glutamic acid has two major types of receptors: ionotropic (NMDA-, AMPA-, and kainate-selective iGluRs)[2] and metabotropic glutamate receptors[3]. L-Glutamic acid induces excitotoxicity by activating the postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, leading to neurodegenerative diseases[4].
In vitro, L-Glutamic acid (0.1μM) was found to induce differentiation of the cell line of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia into granulocytes or neutrophils[5]. L-Glutamic acid (5mM; 24h) rapidly upregulated HIF1α in Raw 264.7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, particularly under hypoxic conditions[6]. A high concentration of L-Glutamic acid (0, 0.3, 1 or 5mM; 48h or 72h) inhibited differentiation and fusion of mouse skeletal myoblasts C2C12, which are key processes in myogenesis[7].
In vivo, Low dose of L-Glutamic acid (400μM/kg; once every 24 hours; i.v.) attenuated the neurological dysfunctions and excitotoxicity in bilateral common carotid artery occluded mice[4]. L-Glutamic acid (750mg/kg; 24h) can mitigate chlorpyrifos (CPF)-induced oxidative stress in rats[8].
References:
[1] Croce N, Bernardini S, Di Cecca S, et al. Hydrochloric acid alters the effect of L-glutamic acid on cell viability in human neuroblastoma cell cultures. J Neurosci Methods. 2013 Jul 15;217(1-2):26-30.
[2] Bowie D. The many faces of the AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptor. Neuropharmacology. 2022 May 1;208:108975.
[3] Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME. Glutamate: a truly functional amino acid. Amino Acids. 2013 Sep;45(3):413-8.
[4] Ramanathan M, Abdul KK, Justin A. Low dose of L-glutamic acid attenuated the neurological dysfunctions and excitotoxicity in bilateral common carotid artery occluded mice. Behav Pharmacol. 2016 Oct;27(7):615-22.
[5] Kostanian IA, Nurieva RI, Novolotskaia EV, et al. Izuchenie vliianiia L-glutaminovoĭ kisloty na retseptsiiu tsitokinov kletkami HL-60 [Effect of L-glutamic acid on the reception of cytokines by HL-60 cells]. Bioorg Khim. 1998 Jan;24(1):3-9. Russian. PMID: 9551194.
[6] Rigual MDM, Angulo-Aguado M, Zagorac S, et al. Macrophages harness hepatocyte glutamate to boost liver regeneration. Nature. 2025 May;641(8064):1005-1016.
[7] Ban H, Nobe K, Kobayashi S. Inhibitory effects of high extracellular L-glutamate concentrations on skeletal myogenesis. Sci Rep. 2025 May 19;15(1):17364.
[8] Salyha N, Salyha Y. Protective role of l-glutamic acid and l-cysteine in mitigation the chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Dec;64:155-163.
L-Glutamic acid是哺乳动物中枢神经系统（CNS）中的主要兴奋性神经递质[1]。L-Glutamic acid有两种主要类型的受体：离子型(NMDA-, AMPA- and kainate-selective iGluRs)[2]和代谢型谷氨酸受体[3]。L-Glutamic acid对突触后N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体的激动作用产生兴奋毒性，从而导致神经退行性病变[4]。
体外实验中，L-Glutamic acid（0.1μM）被发现可以诱导HL-60早幼粒细胞白血病细胞系分化为粒细胞或中性粒细胞[5]。L-Glutamic acid（5mM; 24小时）在低氧条件下，以剂量和时间依赖性方式迅速上调Raw 264.7细胞中的HIF1α[6]。高浓度的L-Glutamic acid（0, 0.3, 1或5mM; 48小时或72小时）抑制了小鼠骨骼肌成肌细胞C2C12的分化和融合，而这些过程是肌生成的关键步骤[7]。
体内实验中，低剂量的L-Glutamic acid（400μM/kg; 每24小时一次; 静脉注射）减轻了双侧颈总动脉闭塞小鼠的神经功能障碍和兴奋毒性[4]。L-Glutamic acid（750mg/kg; 24小时）可以减轻氯吡啶（CPF）诱导的大鼠氧化应激[8]。
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
Cell lines | C2C12 cells |
Preparation Method | To clarify the effect of high concentrations of L-Glutamic acid on the fusion process of C2C12 cells, C2C12 cells that had been differentiated for 3 days in the presence of 0-5mM L-Glutamic acid were labeled using immunofluorescence with an anti-skeletal muscle myosin antibody. The cell phenotype and nuclear counts were analyzed to assess myocyte fusion. Cells positive for myosin heavy chain (MHC) with three or more nuclei were defined as fused cells. To determine whether high concentrations of L-Glutamic acid directly affect the fusion process of C2C12 cells, cells that had been differentiated for 3 days (when the expression level of fast-twitch MHC reaches a plateau) were stimulated with 5mM L-Glutamic acid for 2 days. C2C12 cells were differentiated for 2 days in the presence of L-Glutamic acid (0, 0.3, 1 or 5mM), followed by analysis of mGluR5 and NMDAR expression in the plasma membrane and whole cells using Western blotting. N-cadherin or GAPDH was used as the internal standard. After C2C12 cells were differentiated for 3 days, they were further differentiated for 2 days in the presence of L-Glutamic acid (0, 0.3, 1 or 5mM). The expression of mGluR5 and NMDAR in whole cells was analyzed using Western blotting. |
Reaction Conditions | 0, 0.3, 1 or 5mM; 48h or 72h |
Applications | A high concentration of L-Glutamic acid inhibited differentiation and fusion of mouse skeletal myoblasts C2C12, which are key processes in myogenesis. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
Animal models | male Swiss albino mice |
Preparation Method | Animals were divided into four groups, each comprising 22 mice, which were respectively the sham-operated (SO) group, the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group, the L-Glutamic acid (L-GA) 400μM/kg treated group, and the memantine (MN) 20mg/kg treated group. Tests were conducted at different time intervals after ischemia-reperfusion (0, 24, 48 and 72h). L-Glutamic acid (intravenous) and MN (intraperitoneal) were administered 30min before surgery. SO and IR mice were given saline (intraperitoneal). Drug treatments were continued every 24h after IR until the end of the study. Behavioral (at 24, 48 and 72h after IR) and cerebral blood flow (at 0, 24, 48 and 72h after IR) measurements were performed 30min after drug or vehicle administration in the morning. After behavioral testing, cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements were carried out under mild ether anesthesia. Following CBF measurement, the mice were euthanized. Euthanasia was performed in an anesthetic chamber using ether-soaked cotton wool to induce respiratory depression. Subsequently, the brain was dissected out from the skull. The brain was then microdissected to the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus for the estimation of neurotransmitters and neurobiochemicals. |
Dosage form | 400μM/kg; once every 24 hours; i.v. |
Applications | Low dose of L-Glutamic acid attenuated the neurological dysfunctions and excitotoxicity in bilateral common carotid artery occluded mice. |
References: | |
| Cas No. | 56-86-0 | SDF | |
| 别名 | L-谷氨酸 | ||
| 化学名 | (2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid | ||
| Canonical SMILES | C(CC(=O)O)C(C(=O)O)N | ||
| 分子式 | C5H9NO4 | 分子量 | 147.1 |
| 溶解度 | Soluble to 50 mM in 1eq. NaOH | 储存条件 | Store at RT |
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| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 6.7981 mL | 33.9905 mL | 67.981 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.3596 mL | 6.7981 mL | 13.5962 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.6798 mL | 3.399 mL | 6.7981 mL |
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| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
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| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
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2.
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Quality Control & SDS
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- Purity: >99.00%
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