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Tetrazolium Red (TTC) Sale

(Synonyms: 四氮唑红; 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride; TPTZ; TTC) 目录号 : GC33427

A redox-sensitive probe

Tetrazolium Red (TTC) Chemical Structure

Cas No.:298-96-4

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10 mM*1 mL in DMSO
¥270.00
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500mg
¥245.00
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5g
¥315.00
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Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.

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产品描述

TTC is a redox indicator used to detect cellular respiration.1 It is primarily reduced by Complex I in mitochondria and, under anaerobic conditions, is completely reduced to an insoluble red 1,3,5-triphenylformazan.2 TTC assays are typically used as a mitochondrial redox potential indicator for cell death.1

1.Sabnis, R.W.Handbook of biological dyes and stains: Synthesis and industrial applications(2010) 2.Berridge, M.V., Tan, A.S., and Herst, P.M.Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: New insights into their cellular reductionBiotechnol. Ann. Rev.11127-152(2005)

Chemical Properties

Cas No. 298-96-4 SDF
别名 四氮唑红; 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride; TPTZ; TTC
Canonical SMILES C1(C2=CC=CC=C2)=NN(C3=CC=CC=C3)[N+](C4=CC=CC=C4)=N1.[Cl-]
分子式 C19H15ClN4 分子量 334.8
溶解度 DMSO : 150 mg/mL (448.03 mM);Water : 50 mg/mL (149.34 mM) 储存条件 Store at 4°C, protect from light
General tips 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液;一旦配成溶液,请分装保存,避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。
储备液的保存方式和期限:-80°C 储存时,请在 6 个月内使用,-20°C 储存时,请在 1 个月内使用。
为了提高溶解度,请将管子加热至37℃,然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。
Shipping Condition 评估样品解决方案:配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸:配备RT,或根据请求配备蓝冰。

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1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 2.9869 mL 14.9343 mL 29.8686 mL
5 mM 0.5974 mL 2.9869 mL 5.9737 mL
10 mM 0.2987 mL 1.4934 mL 2.9869 mL
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Research Update

Elucidation of the enzyme involved in 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining activity and the relationship between TTC staining activity and fermentation profiles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

J Biosci Bioeng 2021 Apr;131(4):396-404.PMID:33386278DOI:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.12.001.

2,3,5-Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining is a method to distinguish the mitochondrial activity of cells based on the color: colorless TTC turns red when under reducing conditions. Although the assay reflects the mitochondrial activity of cells, which enzyme(s) in the electron transport system contribute to TTC reduction has been unclear. TTC staining assays using gene disruptants related to the electron transport system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed those disruptants related to electron transport from each electron donor to ubiquinone (red colonies) and disruptants that were related to ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase (white colonies). In addition, when the enzyme activities of ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase were measured using TTC as the electron acceptor, only ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase showed TTC reduction activity, and the activity was enhanced by potassium cyanide, an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase. These results indicated that ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase is involved in TTC reduction in S. cerevisiae. The fermentation profiles of BY4741UΔcor1 and BY4741UΔcox4, which exhibited no TTC staining activity, were almost identical to that of the parental strain BY4741U. However, cell growth and ethanol and succinate production of the ura3-mutated strain BY4741, which also exhibited no TTC staining activity, was altered compared to those of BY4741U, indicating that the fermentation profile varies among strains that show no TTC staining activity. The relationship between uracil metabolism and TTC staining activity was also determined based on metabolome analysis.

2,3,5-Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction as exponential growth phase marker for mammalian cells in culture and for myeloma hybridization experiments

Cytotechnology 1991 Jun;6(2):137-42.PMID:1367407DOI:10.1007/BF00373031.

Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride in vitro reduction by cells produces a red formazan pellet which can be extracted and measured. We have shown that such reduction is associated with animal cell growth, and particularly with the specific growth rate, so the measurement of Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction is proposed as a physiological marker of the exponential growth of cultured cells. Further application of this technique is shown using this Redox reaction for estimating plasmacytoma fusion potential for hybridoma cell line production.

TTC-Pluronic 3D radiochromic gel dosimetry of ionizing radiation

Phys Med Biol 2017 Jun 23;62(14):5668-5690.PMID:28590941DOI:10.1088/1361-6560/aa77eb.

This work reports the first results obtained using a new 3D radiochromic gel dosimeter. The dosimeter is an aqueous physical gel matrix made of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F-127, PEO-PPO-PEO) doped with a representative of tetrazolium salts, 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). There were several reasons for the choice of Pluronic as a gel forming substrate: (i) the high degree of transparency and colourlessness; (ii) the possibility of gel dosimeter preparation at both high and low temperatures due to the phase behaviour of Pluronic; (iii) the broad temperature range over which the TTC-Pluronic dosimeter is stable; and (iv) the non-toxicity of Pluronic. A reason for the choice of TTC was its ionising radiation-induced transformation to water-insoluble formazan, which was assumed to impact beneficially on the spatial stability of the dose distribution. If irradiated, the TTC-Pluronic gels become red but transparent in the irradiated part, while the non-irradiated part remains crystal clear. The best obtained composition is characterised by <4 Gy dose threshold, a dose sensitivity of 0.002 31 (Gy × cm)-1, a large linear dose range of >500 Gy and a dynamic dose response much greater than 500 Gy (7.5% TTC, 25% Pluronic F-127, 50 mmol dm-3 tetrakis). Temporal and spatial stability studies revealed that the TTC-Pluronic gels (7.5% TTC, 25% Pluronic F-127) were stable for more than one week. The addition of compounds boosting the gels' dose performance caused deterioration of the gels' temporal stability but did not impact the stability of the 3D dose distribution. The proposed method of preparation allows for the repeatable manufacture of the gels. There were no differences observed between gels irradiated fractionally and non-fractionally. The TTC-Pluronic dose response might be affected by the radiation source dose rate-this, however, requires further examination.

A standardised approach for determining heat tolerance in cotton using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride

Sci Rep 2021 Mar 8;11(1):5419.PMID:33686101DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-84798-2.

Improving the heat tolerance of cotton is a major concern for breeding programs. To address this need, a fast and effect way of quantifying thermotolerant phenotypes is required. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) based enzyme viability testing following high-temperature stress can be used as a vegetative heat tolerance phenotype. This is because when live cells encounter a TTC solution, TTC undergoes a chemical reduction producing a visible, insoluble red product called triphenyl formazan, that can be quantified spectrophotometrically. However, existing TTC based cell viability assays cannot easily be deployed at the scale required in a crop improvement program. In this study, a heat stress assay (HSA) based on the use of TTC enzyme viability testing has been refined and improved for efficiency, reliability, and ease of use through four experiments. Sampling factors that may influence assay results, such as leaf age, plant water status, and short-term cold storage, were also investigated. Experiments conducted in this study have successfully downscaled the assay and identified an optimal sampling regime, enabling measurement of large segregating populations for application in breeding programs. The improved HSA methodology is important as it is proposed that long-term improvements in cotton thermotolerance can be achieved through the concurrent selection of superior phenotypes based on the HSA and yield performance in hot environments. Additionally, a new way of interpreting both heat tolerance and heat resistance was developed, differentiating genotypes that perform well at the time of a heat stress event and those that maintain a similar performance level to a non-stressed control.

Spectrophotometric measurement of experimental brain injury

J Neurosci Methods 2000 Jan 15;94(2):187-92.PMID:10661838DOI:10.1016/s0165-0270(99)00146-6.

Freshly sampled brain tissue exposed to 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) acquires a red color because mitochondrial enzymes reduce the colorless TTC to a red, water-insoluble formazan deposit. Pan-necrotic areas remain uncolored, which enables quantitation of experimental brain injury by optical scanning and image analysis of serial slices to determine the relative volume of red versus infarcted, non-stained, tissue. The accuracy of this method can be challenged, however, when infarction is accompanied by areas of partial, scattered injury where differences in coloration are difficult to see or quantify. We tested the feasibility of measuring scattered injury using a principle which underlies standard assays for in vitro cell survival, namely extracting deposited formazan with a solvent and measuring its level by spectrophotometry. Anesthetized, adult Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to 12 min of cerebral ischemia to produce selective, delayed neuronal death in hippocampus, striatum and cortex. Some rats also received 6 h of whole-body hypothermia treatment (31.5-32.5 degrees C) immediately after ischemia. Ischemia rats and non-operated controls were sacrificed 1 week later. Hippocampus and portions of cerebrum were incubated 90 min in a 2% TTC solution and then soaked in a measured volume of 50:50 ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide to extract the red formazan product. Spectrophotometric measurements of the extract showed a diminished formazan coloration (absorbance/g brain) in all samples from the untreated ischemia group compared to non-operated controls. This apparent brain injury was attenuated in the group of ischemia rats that received hypothermia treatment. We conclude that solvent extraction and spectrophotometric quantitation of formazan has potential utility as an objective way to index experimental brain injury even if this is diffuse in nature and not amenable to measurement by conventional image analysis techniques.