Solamargine

Solamargine, apoisonouschemical compound, occurs in plants of theSolanaceaefamily, such aspotatoes,tomatoes, andeggplants[1].Solamargine has been also isolated fromSolanum nigrumfungalendophyteAspergillus flavus[2].

In vitro: Solamargine significantly inhibited migration and invasion of HepG2 cells by down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activity. Solamargine reduced HepG2 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. In HepG2 cells, solamargine (7.5 μM) decreased cell viability by less than 20%.Solamargineat the highest dose decreased cell migration and invasion by more than 70% and 72%, respectively.Solamarginealso reduced expression and function of MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins [3].In lung cancer cells, Solamargine inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis through p38 MAPK-mediated suppression of phosphorylation and protein expression of Stat3, followed by inducing Stat3 downstream effector p21. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, solamargine inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of in a time- and dose-dependent manner.Solamargine also increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in a time-dependent fashion [4].In SMMC-7721 cells, solamargine exerted potential anticancer activity through activation of caspase-3 and regulation of the cell cycle progression to induce apoptosis and inhibit hepatoma cells proliferation [5].In WM115 and WM239 cells, solamargine rapidly, selectively and effectively inhibited the growth of cells WM239 and WM115. Solamarginealso showed high efficacy against the vertical growth phase melanoma cells [6].

References:
[1]. Al Chami L, Méndez R, Chataing B, et al. Toxicological effects of α‐solamargine in experimental animals[J]. Phytotherapy Research, 2003, 17(3): 254-258.
[2]. El‐Hawary S S, Mohammed R, AbouZid S F, et al. Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum[J]. Journal of applied microbiology, 2016.
[3]. Sani I K, Marashi S H, Kalalinia F. Solamargine inhibits migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 expression and activity[J]. Toxicology in Vitro, 2015, 29(5): 893-900.
[4]. Aggarwal B B, Sethi G, Ahn K S, et al. Targeting Signal‐Transducer‐and‐Activator‐of‐Transcription‐3 for Prevention and Therapy of Cancer[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006, 1091(1): 151-169.
[5]. Ding X, Zhu F S, Li M, et al. Induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells by solamargine from Solanum nigrumL[J]. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2012, 139(2): 599-604.
[6]. Al Sinani S S, Eltayeb E A, Coomber B L, et al. Solamargine triggers cellular necrosis selectively in different types of human melanoma cancer cells through extrinsic lysosomal mitochondrial death pathway[J]. Cancer cell international, 2016, 16(1): 1.