D-Pantothenic acid

D-Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin and a key component of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP)^[1]. D-Pantothenic acid t is involved in a variety of metabolic pathways, including the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids, carbohydrates, and proteins^[2]. D-Pantothenic acid is crucial for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nervous system function^[3]. D-Pantothenic acid also supports adrenal gland function and helps the body produce stress hormones^[4].

In vitro, D-Pantothenic acid (100–250μM) pre-treatment of human hair follicle cells (including dermal papilla cells and outer root sheath cells) for 24 hours significantly promotes cell proliferation, reduces the expression of apoptosis and senescence markers, and upregulates the expression of growth factors, thereby supporting hair growth and prolonging the anagen phase^[5]. Pretreatment of mouse primary chondrocytes with D-pantothenic acid (5, 10, and 20μM) for 2 h, followed by stimulation with IL-1β (10ng/ml) for another 24h, markedly suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased the levels of ferroptosis markers (Fe²⁺ and MDA), and inhibited activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. These effects were mediated through activation of the SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway, thereby exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions that alleviated chondrocyte ferroptosis and retarded the progression of arthritis^[6].

In a mouse model of neural tube defects (NTDs), D-pantothenic acid (200mg/kg) was administered via intraperitoneal injection on gestational day 9, and embryonic neural tube closure was assessed on gestational day 10.5. The results showed that D-pantothenic acid significantly reduced the incidence of NTDs^[7]. In vivo, Biotin and D-Pantothenic acid (1mM) were provided in drinking water to conditional SLC5A6 knockout (SMVT-cKO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates, starting before conception and continuing throughout pregnancy, lactation, and the entire life of the SMVT-cKO mice. The results showed that this regimen significantly improved growth retardation in SMVT-cKO mice, corrected biotin deficiency, reduced gut permeability, improved the expression levels of tight junction proteins and myosin light chain kinase, reduced the expression of intestinal inflammatory markers, and improved the expression of oxidative stress-related genes^[8].

References:
[1] Tahiliani AG, Beinlich CJ. Pantothenic acid in health and disease. Vitam Horm. 1991;46:165-228.
[2] Ismail N, Kureishy N, Church SJ, et al. Vitamin B5 (d-pantothenic acid) localizes in myelinated structures of the rat brain: Potential role for cerebral vitamin B5 stores in local myelin homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Jan 29;522(1):220-225.
[3] Ebner F, Heller A, Rippke F, et al. Topical use of dexpanthenol in skin disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(6):427-33.
[4] Jaroenporn S, Yamamoto T, Itabashi A, et al. Effects of pantothenic acid supplementation on adrenal steroid secretion from male rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Jun;31(6):1205-8.
[5] Shin JY, Kim J, Choi YH, et al. Dexpanthenol Promotes Cell Growth by Preventing Cell Senescence and Apoptosis in Cultured Human Hair Follicle Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2021 Sep 28;43(3):1361-1373.
[6] Liu Y, Wang Y, Cheng S, et al. Pantothenic acid alleviates osteoarthritis progression by inhibiting inflammatory response and ferroptosis through the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact. 2025 May 25;413:111494.
[7] Dawson JE, Raymond AM, Winn LM. Folic acid and pantothenic acid protection against valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in CD-1 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006 Mar 1;211(2):124-32.
[8] Sabui S, Kapadia R, Ghosal A, et al. Biotin and pantothenic acid oversupplementation to conditional SLC5A6 KO mice prevents the development of intestinal mucosal abnormalities and growth defects. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2018 Jul 1;315(1):C73-C79.

D-Pantothenic acid也称为维生素B5，是一种水溶性维生素，是辅酶A（CoA）和酰基载体蛋白（ACP）的关键成分^[1]。D-Pantothenic acid参与多种代谢途径，包括脂肪酸、碳水化合物和蛋白质的合成与分解^[2]。D-Pantothenic acid对维持健康的皮肤、头发和神经系统功能至关重要^[3]。D-Pantothenic acid还支持肾上腺功能，帮助身体产生应激激素^[4]。

在体外，D-Pantothenic acid（100–250μM）预处理人毛囊细胞（包括毛乳头细胞和外根鞘细胞）24小时，D-Pantothenic acid显著促进细胞增殖，降低凋亡和衰老标志物的表达，同时上调促生长因子的表达，从而支持毛发生长并延长生长期^[5]。D-Pantothenic acid（5, 10, and 20μM）预处理小鼠原代软骨细胞24小时，随后以IL-1β（10ng/ml）刺激24小时，D-Pantothenic acid显著抑制细胞中促炎因子的表达，降低铁死亡标志物（Fe²⁺、MDA）的表达水平，抑制NF-κB信号通路激活，并通过激活SIRT1/Nrf2信号通路发挥抗氧化和抗炎作用，从而缓解软骨细胞的铁死亡和关节炎进展^[6]。

在体内，D-Pantothenic acid（200mg/kg）在神经管缺陷（NTDs）小鼠模型妊娠第9天通过腹腔注射给药，随后在妊娠第10.5天检测胚胎神经管闭合状态。结果显示，D-Pantothenic acid显著神经管缺陷的发生率^[7]。Biotin和D-Pantothenic acid联合补充（1mM）通过饮水给予条件性SLC5A6基因敲除（SMVT-cKO）小鼠及其野生型（WT）对照小鼠，从怀孕前开始，持续整个孕期、哺乳期，直至SMVT-cKO小鼠成年后终生补充。结果显示，这种补充方案显著改善了SMVT-cKO小鼠的生长迟缓，纠正了生物素缺乏状态，降低了肠道通透性，改善了紧密连接蛋白和肌球蛋白轻链激酶的表达水平，降低了肠道炎症标志物的表达，并改善了氧化应激相关基因的表达^[8]。