Mucic acid
(Synonyms: 粘酸) 目录号 : GC63084
A monosaccharide
Cas No.:526-99-8
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Galactaric acid is a monosaccharide that has been found in grape musts and wine and an oxidized form of galacturonic acid.1,2,3 Galactaric acid (5-10 ?M) increases mRNA expression of Runx2 in C3H/10T1/2 mouse mesenchymal stem cells.4 It increases alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in, and mineralization of, C3H/10T1/2 cells when used in combination with gelatin as a coating on a 3D-poly (lactic acid) (PLA) scaffold at concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 ?M.
1.?ulj, M.M., Puhelek, I., Korenika, A.M.J., et al.Organic acid composition in croatian predicate winesAgriculturae Conspectus Scientificus80113-117(2015) 2.Rautiainen, S., Lehtinen, P., Chen, J., et al.Selective oxidation of uronic acids into aldaric acids over gold catalystRSC Adv.2519502-19507(2015) 3.Barth, D., and Wiebe, M.G.Enhancing fungal production of galactaric acidAppl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.101(10)4033-4040(2017) 4.Ashwin, B., Abinaya, B., Prasith, T.P., et al.3D-poly (lactic acid) scaffolds coated with gelatin and mucic acid for bone tissue engineeringInt. J. Biol. Macromol.162523-532(2020)
| Cas No. | 526-99-8 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 粘酸 | ||
| 分子式 | C6H10O8 | 分子量 | 210.14 |
| 溶解度 | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C | |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 4.7587 mL | 23.7937 mL | 47.5873 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9517 mL | 4.7587 mL | 9.5175 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.4759 mL | 2.3794 mL | 4.7587 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
[Production of Mucic acid from pectin-derived D-galacturonic acid: a review]
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022 Feb 25;38(2):666-677.PMID:35234389DOI:10.13345/j.cjb.210268.
Mucic acid is a hexaric acid that can be biosynthesized by oxidation of D-galacturonic acid, which is the main constituent of pectin. The structure and properties of Mucic acid are similar to that of glucaric acid, and can be widely applied in the preparation of important platform compounds, polymers and macromolecular materials. Pectin is a cheap and abundant renewable biomass resource, thus developing a process enabling production of Mucic acid from pectin would be of important economic value and environmental significance. This review summarized the structure and hydrolysis of pectin, the catabolism and regulation of D-galacturonic acid in microorganisms, and the strategy for Mucic acid production based on engineering of corresponding pathways. The future application of Mucic acid are prospected, and future directions for the preparation of Mucic acid by biological method are also proposed.
Cationic Mucic acid Polymer-Based siRNA Delivery Systems
Bioconjug Chem 2015 Aug 19;26(8):1791-803.PMID:26154102DOI:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00324.
Nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems for small interfering RNA (siRNA) that have good systemic circulation and high nucleic acid content are highly desired for translation into clinical use. Here, a family of cationic mucic acid-containing polymers is synthesized and shown to assemble with siRNA to form NPs. A cationic Mucic acid polymer (cMAP) containing alternating Mucic acid and charged monomers is synthesized. When combined with siRNA, cMAP forms NPs that require steric stabilization by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) that is attached to the NP surface via a 5-nitrophenylboronic acid linkage (5-nitrophenylboronic acid-PEGm (5-nPBA-PEGm)) to diols on Mucic acid in the cMAP in order to inhibit aggregation in biological fluids. As an alternative, cMAP is covalently conjugated with PEG via two methods. First, a copolymer is prepared with alternating cMAP-PEG units that can form loops of PEG on the surface of the formulated siRNA-containing NPs. Second, an mPEG-cMAP-PEGm triblock polymer is synthesized that could lead to a PEG brush configuration on the surface of the formulated siRNA-containing NPs. The copolymer and triblock polymer are able to form stable siRNA-containing NPs without and with the addition of 5-nPBA-PEGm. Five formulations, (i) cMAP with 5-nPBA-PEGm, (ii) cMAP-PEG copolymer both (a) with and (b) without 5-nPBA-PEGm, and (iii) mPEG-cMAP-PEGm triblock polymer both (a) with and (b) without 5-nPBA-PEGm, are used to produce NPs in the 30-40 nm size range, and their circulation times are evaluated in mice using tail vein injections. The mPEG-cMAP-PEGm triblock polymer provides the siRNA-containing NP with the longest circulation time (5-10% of the formulation remains in circulation at 60 min postdosing), even when a portion of the excess cationic components used in the formulation is filtered away prior to injection. A NP formulation using the mPEG-cMAP-PEGm triblock polymer that is free of excess components could contain as much as ca. 30 wt % siRNA.
Engineering marine fungi for conversion of D-galacturonic acid to Mucic acid
Microb Cell Fact 2020 Jul 31;19(1):156.PMID:32736636DOI:10.1186/s12934-020-01411-3.
Background: Two marine fungi, a Trichoderma sp. and a Coniochaeta sp., which can grow on D-galacturonic acid and pectin, were selected as hosts to engineer for Mucic acid production, assessing the suitability of marine fungi for production of platform chemicals. The pathway for biotechnologcial production of mucic (galactaric) acid from D-galacturonic acid is simple and requires minimal modification of the genome, optimally one deletion and one insertion. D-Galacturonic acid, the main component of pectin, is a potential substrate for bioconversion, since pectin-rich waste is abundant. Results: Trichoderma sp. LF328 and Coniochaeta sp. MF729 were engineered using CRISPR-Cas9 to oxidize D-galacturonic acid to Mucic acid, disrupting the endogenous pathway for D-galacturonic acid catabolism when inserting a gene encoding bacterial uronate dehydrogenase. The uronate dehydrogenase was expressed under control of a synthetic expression system, which fucntioned in both marine strains. The marine Trichoderma transformants produced 25 g L-1 Mucic acid from D-galacturonic acid in equimolar amounts: the yield was 1.0 to 1.1 g Mucic acid [g D-galacturonic acid utilized]-1. D-Xylose and lactose were the preferred co-substrates. The engineered marine Trichoderma sp. was more productive than the best Trichoderma reesei strain (D-161646) described in the literature to date, that had been engineered to produce Mucic acid. With marine Coniochaeta transformants, D-glucose was the preferred co-substrate, but the highest yield was 0.82 g g-1: a portion of D-galacturonic acid was still metabolized. Coniochaeta sp. transformants produced adequate pectinases to produce Mucic acid from pectin, but Trichoderma sp. transformants did not. Conclusions: Both marine species were successfully engineered using CRISPR-Cas9 and the synthetic expression system was functional in both species. Although Coniochaeta sp. transformants produced Mucic acid directly from pectin, the metabolism of D-galacturonic acid was not completely disrupted and Mucic acid amounts were low. The D-galacturonic pathway was completely disrupted in the transformants of the marine Trichoderma sp., which produced more Mucic acid than a previously constructed T. reesei Mucic acid producing strain, when grown under similar conditions. This demonstrated that marine fungi may be useful as production organisms, not only for native enzymes or bioactive compounds, but also for other compounds.
Use of ambr®250 to assess Mucic acid production in fed-batch cultures of a marine Trichoderma sp. D-221704
AMB Express 2022 Jul 13;12(1):90.PMID:35831483DOI:10.1186/s13568-022-01436-4.
Mucic acid, a diacid with potential use in the food, cosmetic, chemical and pharmaceutical industries, can be produced by microbial conversion of D-galacturonic acid, which is abundant in pectin. Using the ambr®250 bioreactor system, we found that a recently generated transformant (D-221704, formerly referred to as T2) of a marine Trichoderma species produced up to 53 g L-1 Mucic acid in glucose-limited fed-batch culture with D-galacturonic acid in the feed at pH 4, with a yield of 0.99 g Mucic acid per g D-galacturonic acid consumed. Yeast extract was not essential for high production, but increased the initial production rate. Reducing the amount of glucose as the co-substrate reduced the amount of Mucic acid produced to 31 g L-1. Mucic acid could also be produced at pH values less than 4.0 (3.5 and 3.0), but the amount produced was less than at pH 4.0. Furthermore, the yield of Mucic acid on D-galacturonic acid at the end of the cultivations (0.5 to 0.7 g g-1) at these low pH levels suggested that recovery may be more difficult at lower pH on account of the high level of crystal formation. Another strain engineered to produce Mucic acid, Trichoderma reesei D-161646, produced only 31 g L-1 Mucic acid under the conditions used with D-221704.
Biomarkers of disease progression in people with psoriasis: a scoping review
Br J Dermatol 2022 Oct;187(4):481-493.PMID:35482474DOI:10.1111/bjd.21627.
Background: Identification of those at risk of more severe psoriasis and/or associated morbidities offers opportunity for early intervention, reduced disease burden and more cost-effective healthcare. Prognostic biomarkers of disease progression have thus been the focus of intense research, but none are part of routine practice. Objectives: To identify and catalogue candidate biomarkers of disease progression in psoriasis for the translational research community. Methods: A systematic search of CENTRAL, Embase, LILACS and MEDLINE was performed for relevant articles published between 1990 and December 2021. Eligibility criteria were studies involving patients with psoriasis (any age, n ≥ 50) reporting biomarkers associated with disease progression. The main outcomes were any measure of skin severity or any prespecified psoriasis comorbidity. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second; studies meeting minimal quality criteria (longitudinal design and/or use of methods to control for confounding) were formally assessed for bias. Candidate biomarkers were identified by an expert multistakeholder group using a majority voting consensus exercise, and mapped to relevant cellular and molecular pathways. Results: Of 181 included studies, most investigated genomic or proteomic biomarkers associated with disease severity (n = 145) or psoriatic arthritis (n = 30). Methodological and reporting limitations compromised interpretation of findings, most notably a lack of longitudinal studies, and inadequate control for key prognostic factors. The following candidate biomarkers with future potential utility were identified for predicting disease severity: LCE3D, interleukin (IL)23R, IL23A, NFKBIL1 loci, HLA-C*06:02 (genomic), IL-17A, IgG aHDL, GlycA, I-FABP and kallikrein 8 (proteomic), tyramine (metabolomic); psoriatic arthritis: HLA-C*06:02, HLA-B*27, HLA-B*38, HLA-B*08, and variation at the IL23R and IL13 loci (genomic); IL-17A, CXCL10, Mac-2 binding protein, integrin b5, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (proteomic) and tyramine and Mucic acid (metabolomic); and type 2 diabetes mellitus: variation in IL12B and IL23R loci (genomic). No biomarkers were supported by sufficient evidence for clinical use without further validation. Conclusions: This review provides a comprehensive catalogue of investigated biomarkers of disease progression in psoriasis. Future studies must address the common methodological limitations identified herein to expedite discovery and validation of biomarkers for clinical use. What is already known about this topic? The current treatment paradigm in psoriasis is reactive. There is a need to develop effective risk-stratified management approaches that can proactively attenuate the substantial burden of disease. Prognostic biomarkers of disease progression have therefore been the focus of intense research. What does this study add? This review is the first to scope, collate and catalogue research investigating biomarkers of disease progression in psoriasis. The review identifies potentially promising candidate biomarkers for further investigation and highlights common important limitations that should be considered when designing and conducting future studies in this area.