L-Homocysteine
(Synonyms: L-高半胱氨酸) 目录号 : GC60991
L-Homocysteine是一种含硫氨基酸，作为必需氨基酸蛋氨酸（Met）的中间代谢产物存在。
Cas No.:6027-13-0
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
L-Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid, which is an intermediate metabolite of an essential amino acid, methionine (Met)[1]. L-Homocysteine has been utilized in research aimed at regulating the functions of the nervous system and the cardiovascular system[2].
In vitro, L-Homocysteine treatment at 2000μM for 48 hours inhibited the cell viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and significantly increased the expression of cathepsin V[3]. Treatment with 50μM L-Homocysteine for 3 hours can promote the massive release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and IL-8 proteins in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs)[4]. Treatment with 500μM L-Homocysteine for 24 hours led to an increase in the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in Raw 264.7 cells, and the expression of CD40 was significantly decreased, accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production[5]. In the cultured rat mesangial cells, treatment with L-Homocysteine (160μM) for 48 hours significantly increased the mRNA levels of TIMP-1 and Gp91, and led to the deposition of type I collagen, accompanied by cell proliferation and enhanced NADH oxidase activity[6].
In vivo, L-Homocysteine treatment via oral administration (2g/L, dissolved in drinking water) for 16 weeks led to an increase in fasting blood glucose levels in mice, resulting in insulin resistance in mice[7]. After oral administration of water containing L-Homocysteine (1.8g/L) for four weeks, the expression of β-catenin and mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins decreased in the myocardium of mouse, and cardiac hypertrophy occurred[8].
References:
[1] Nakao A, Suzuki H, Ueno H, et al. Discovery and structural analyses of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitors based on non-adenosine analogs[J]. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2015, 23(15): 4952-4969.
[2] Moretti R, Caruso P. The controversial role of homocysteine in neurology: from labs to clinical practice[J]. International journal of molecular sciences, 2019, 20(1): 231.
[3] Leng Y P, Ma Y S, Li X G, et al. l‐Homocysteine‐induced cathepsin V mediates the vascular endothelial inflammation in hyperhomocysteinaemia[J]. British journal of pharmacology, 2018, 175(8): 1157-1172.
[4] Poddar R, Sivasubramanian N, DiBello P M, et al. Homocysteine induces expression and secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 in human aortic endothelial cells: implications for vascular disease[J]. Circulation, 2001, 103(22): 2717-2723.
[5] Winchester L J, Veeranki S, Givvimani S, et al. Homocysteine elicits an M1 phenotype in murine macrophages through an EMMPRIN-mediated pathway[J]. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2015, 93(7): 577-584.
[6] Yang Z Z, Zou A P. Homocysteine enhances TIMP-1 expression and cell proliferation associated with NADH oxidase in rat mesangial cells[J]. Kidney international, 2003, 63(3): 1012-1020.
[7] Zhang X, Qu Y Y, Liu L, et al. Homocysteine inhibits pro-insulin receptor cleavage and causes insulin resistance via protein cysteine-homocysteinylation[J]. Cell Reports, 2021, 37(2).
[8] Lei Y, Hu H, Tang H, et al. Homocysteine promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through inhibiting β-catenin/FUNDC1 mediated mitophagy[J]. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15(1): 22207.
L-Homocysteine是一种含硫氨基酸，作为必需氨基酸蛋氨酸（Met）的中间代谢产物存在[1]。L-Homocysteine被广泛应用于神经系统和心血管系统功能调控的研究[2]。
在体外，2000μM的L-Homocysteine处理48小时可抑制人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）活力并显著增加组织蛋白酶V表达[3]。50μM的L-Homocysteine处理3小时能促进人主动脉内皮细胞（HAECs）大量释放单核细胞趋化蛋白-1和IL-8[4]。500μM的L-Homocysteine处理Raw 264.7细胞24小时会导致基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）蛋白表达增加，CD40表达显著降低，并伴随活性氧（ROS）生成增加[5]。160μM的L-Homocysteine处理培养的大鼠系膜细胞48小时可显著升高TIMP-1和Gp91的mRNA水平，导致I型胶原沉积，并伴随细胞增殖和NADH氧化酶活性增强[6]。
在体内，小鼠通过饮用水摄入L-Homocysteine（2g/L；持续16周）后，空腹血糖水平升高并出现胰岛素抵抗[7]。饮用含L-Homocysteine（1.8g/L）的水持续4周的小鼠心肌中β-连环蛋白和线粒体自噬相关蛋白表达下降，并导致小鼠心脏肥大[8]。
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
Cell lines | Raw 264.7 cells |
Preparation Method | Raw 264.7 cells were grown in 75cm2 flasks using Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% final volume penicillin-streptomycin solution. Cells were maintained in a 37°C incubator with 5% CO2 and passaged by scraping cells into fresh medium. Cells were plated in 8-well chamber slides at a count of 150×103 cells per chamber. To allow for proper plate adherence, after 24h of incubation the medium was aspirated and fresh medium was added to each well. L-Homocysteine treatment was added directly to the medium at a final concentration of 500μM for Raw 264.7 cells for 24h. To detect changes in ROS production levels between the control and L-Homocysteine-treated cells, the cells were aspirated 24h post-treatment, and fresh medium containing 20μM 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) was added to each well. Cells were incubated with DCFDA at 37°C for 30min. The medium was then aspirated, and each well was washed 3 times with PBS. Fresh PBS was then added to each well and the cells were imaged using confocal microscopy. |
Reaction Conditions | 500μM; 24h |
Applications | L-Homocysteine treatment significantly increased ROS generation in Raw 264.7 cells. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
Animal models | C57BL/6 mice |
Preparation Method | Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a standard diet and had free access to water. During the experiment, the mice were housed in a controlled environment with adjustable lighting, temperature and humidity. Wild-type mice were randomly divided into a control group and a L-Homocysteine group. The mice in the control group and the L-Homocysteine group were respectively given free oral administration of 2g/L L-Homocysteine solution for 16 consecutive weeks. The blood glucose level of the mice was measured once every 4 weeks after fasting for 8-10 hours. The 22-week-old mice were sacrificed and blood was collected for ELISA analysis. |
Dosage form | 2g/L for 16 weeks; p.o. |
Applications | L-Homocysteine treatment led to an increase in fasting blood glucose levels in mice, resulting in insulin resistance in mice. |
References: | |
| Cas No. | 6027-13-0 | SDF | |
| 别名 | L-高半胱氨酸 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | N[C@@H](CCS)C(O)=O | ||
| 分子式 | C4H9NO2S | 分子量 | 135.18 |
| 溶解度 | H2O : 25 mg/mL (184.94 mM; Need ultrasonic); DMSO : < 1 mg/mL (insoluble or slightly soluble) | 储存条件 | 4°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen |
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| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 7.3975 mL | 36.9877 mL | 73.9754 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.4795 mL | 7.3975 mL | 14.7951 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.7398 mL | 3.6988 mL | 7.3975 mL |
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动物平均体重 | g | |
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动物数量 | 只 |
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| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
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工作液浓度： mg/ml；
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2.
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