FMRF

FMRF-related peptides in Aedes aegypti midgut: neuromuscular connections and enteric nervous system

FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) are a class of neuropeptides that participate in a variety of physiological processes in invertebrates. They occur in nerves of stomatogastric ganglia and enteroendocrine cells of the insect digestive tract, where they may control muscle functions. However, their direct involvement in muscle function has never been shown in situ. We studied the relationship between FaRPs and midgut muscle during larval-pupal transition of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. In late L4, FaRP-positive neuronal extensions attach to the bundles of the external circular muscle layer, and muscle stem cells start to undergo mitosis in the internal circular layer. Thereafter, the external muscle layer degenerates, disappearing during early pupal development, and is completely absent in the adult mosquito. Our results indicate that FaRP-based neural signals are involved in the reorganization of the muscle fibers of the mosquito midgut during the larval-pupal transition. In addition to confirming FaRP involvement in muscle function, we show that the mosquito midgut muscles are largely innervated, and that circular and longitudinal muscle have specific neuron bodies associated with them.

FMRF-NH2 -related neuropeptides in Biomphalaria spp., intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis: Precursor organization and immunohistochemical localization

Freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria serve as intermediate hosts for the digenetic trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the etiological agent for the most widespread form of intestinal schistosomiasis. As neuropeptide signaling in host snails can be altered by trematode infection, a neural transcriptomics approach was undertaken to identify peptide precursors in Biomphalaria glabrata, the major intermediate host for S. mansoni in the Western Hemisphere. Three transcripts that encode peptides belonging to the FMRF-NH₂ -related peptide (FaRP) family were identified in B. glabrata. One transcript encoded a precursor polypeptide (Bgl-FaRP1; 292 amino acids) that included eight copies of the tetrapeptide FMRF-NH₂ and single copies of FIRF-NH₂ , FLRF-NH₂ , and pQFYRI-NH₂ . The second transcript encoded a precursor (Bgl-FaRP2; 347 amino acids) that comprised 14 copies of the heptapeptide GDPFLRF-NH₂ and 1 copy of SKPYMRF-NH₂ . The precursor encoded by the third transcript (Bgl-FaRP3; 287 amino acids) recapitulated Bgl-FaRP2 but lacked the full SKPYMRF-NH₂ peptide. The three precursors shared a common signal peptide, suggesting a genomic organization described previously in gastropods. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on the nervous systems of B. glabrata and B. alexandrina, a major intermediate host for S. mansoni in Egypt. FMRF-NH₂ -like immunoreactive (FMRF-NH₂ -li) neurons were located in regions of the central nervous system associated with reproduction, feeding, and cardiorespiration. Antisera raised against non-FMRF-NH₂ peptides present in the tetrapeptide and heptapeptide precursors labeled independent subsets of the FMRF-NH₂ -li neurons. This study supports the participation of FMRF-NH₂ -related neuropeptides in the regulation of vital physiological and behavioral systems that are altered by parasitism in Biomphalaria.

FMRF-NH2-like peptides antiopiates

FMRF-NH2 like mammalian octapeptide in opiate dependence and withdrawal

FMRF-amide-like substances in the leech. II. Bioactivity on the heartbeat system

In the preceding paper (Kuhlman, J. R., C. Li, and R. L. Calabrese (1985) J. Neurosci. 5: 2301-2309) FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity was localized to a specific set of neurons in the leech. Three types of these neurons are involved in controlling the animal's heartbeat: HE motor neurons and HA modulatory neurons which directly innervate the hearts, and the swim-initiating interneurons (cells 204) which can accelerate the heartbeat central pattern generator. Application of synthetic FMRF-amide had effects on the hearts and the heartbeat central pattern generator that mimicked the actions of the HA and cell 204 neurons. Bath application of FMRF-amide (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) to the hearts activated their myogenic rhythm and increased their beat tension, thus mimicking the effects of activity in HA cells. Bath application of lower concentrations of FMRF-amide (10(-9) to 10(-8) M) to the isolated central nervous system dramatically accelerated the central motor program for heartbeat, thus mimicking the effects of activity in cell 204. These observations suggest that an FMRF-amide-like substance may be used as a chemical signal by HA and cell 204 neurons. The role of the FMRF-amide-like substance contained in HE motor neurons remains unclear, but it may be released along with the HE cell's neuromuscular transmitter, acetylcholine.