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Eprotirome (KB2115) Sale

(Synonyms: 伊罗替罗,KB2115) 目录号 : GC33764

A thyroid hormone mimetic

Eprotirome (KB2115) Chemical Structure

Cas No.:355129-15-6

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10mM (in 1mL DMSO)
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1mg
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实验参考方法

Animal experiment:

Twelve-week old male ob/ob mice are used in this study. A catheter is implanted into the right internal jugular vein before the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. After recovery, mice are administered Eprotirome (0.3 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection for 10 days. On the day of the clamp experiment, conscious, overnight-fasted mice receive a primed (10 μCi) and constant rate intravenous infusion (0.1 μCi /min) of [3-3H] glucose to measure basal glucose turnover. After 60 to 75 minutes of labeled glucose infusion, the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is performed with continuous infusion of insulin (12 mU/kg/min) and variable infusion of 25% glucose to maintain euglycemia (~120 mg/dL). Blood samples are collected by tail bleeding (approximately every 10 min) to measure blood glucose concentrations[1].

References:

[1]. Martagón AJ, et al. The amelioration of hepatic steatosis by thyroid hormone receptor agonists is insufficient to restore insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 7;10(4):e0122987.

产品描述

The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), promote the reduction of plasma cholesterol levels and induce weight loss. However when administered in high doses, thyroid hormones produce undesirable side effects in the heart, bone and muscle. KB2115 is a synthetic thyroid hormone mimetic. At a dose of 50-200 ?g administered to humans once-daily for 14 days, KB2115 lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol up to 40% without affecting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and without deleterious side effects to the cardiovascular system.1 Unlike the statin class of drugs which decrease cholesterol synthesis, KB2115 stimulates cholesterol catabolism to bile acids without affecting cholesterol synthesis.1

1.Berkenstam, A., Kristensen, J., Mellstr?m, K., et al.The thyroid hormone mimetic compound KB2115 lowers plasma LDL cholesterol and stimulates bile acid synthesis without cardiac effects in humansProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105(2)663-667(2008)

Chemical Properties

Cas No. 355129-15-6 SDF
别名 伊罗替罗,KB2115
Canonical SMILES O=C(O)CC(NC1=CC(Br)=C(OC2=CC=C(O)C(C(C)C)=C2)C(Br)=C1)=O
分子式 C18H17Br2NO5 分子量 487.14
溶解度 DMSO : 125 mg/mL (256.60 mM) 储存条件 Store at -20°C
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Research Update

Thyroid Hormone Analogues: An Update

Thyroid 2020 Aug;30(8):1099-1105.PMID:32098589DOI:10.1089/thy.2020.0071.

The development of thyroid hormone (TH) analogues was prompted by the attempt to exploit the effects of TH on lipid metabolism, avoiding cardiac thyrotoxicosis. Analysis of the relative distribution of the α and β subtypes of nuclear TH receptors (TRα and TRβ) showed that TRα and TRβ are responsible for cardiac and metabolic responses, respectively. Therefore, analogues with TRβ selectivity were developed, and four different compounds have been used in clinical trials: GC-1 (sobetirome), KB-2115 (Eprotirome), MB07344/VK2809, and MGL-3196 (resmetirom). Each of these compounds was able to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but a phase 3 trial with Eprotirome was interrupted because of a significant increase in liver enzymes and the contemporary report of cartilage side effects in animals. As a consequence, the other projects were terminated as well. However, in recent years, TRβ agonists have raised new interest for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). After obtaining excellent results in experimental models, clinical trials have been started with MGL-3196 and VK2809, and the initial reports are encouraging. Sobetirome turned out to be effective also in experimental models of demyelinating disease. Aside TRβ agonists, TH analogues include some TH metabolites that are biologically active on their own, and their synthetic analogues. 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid has already found clinical use in the treatment of some cases of TH resistance due to TRβ mutations, and interesting results have recently been reported in patients with the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, a rare disease caused by mutations in the TH transporter MCT8. 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) has been used with success in rat models of dyslipidemia and NAFLD, but the outcome of a clinical trial with a synthetic T2 analogue was disappointing. 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) is the last entry in the group of active TH metabolites. Promising results have been obtained in animal models of neurological injury induced by β-amyloid or by convulsive agents, but no clinical data are available so far.

The Thyromimetic KB2115 (Eprotirome) Induces Rat Hepatocyte Proliferation

Gene Expr 2017 Jul 7;17(3):207-218.PMID:28409553DOI:10.3727/105221617X695438.

Although the hepatomitogenic activity of T3 is well established, the wide range of harmful effects exerted by this hormone precludes its use in regenerative therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an agonist of TRβ, KB2115 (Eprotirome), could exert a mitogenic effect in the liver, without most of the adverse T3/TRα-dependent side effects. F-344 rats treated with KB2115 for 1 week displayed a massive increase in bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (from 20% to 40% vs. 5% of controls), which was associated with increased mitotic activity in the absence of significant signs of liver toxicity. Noteworthy, while cardiac hypertrophy typical of T3 was not observed, beneficial effects, such as lowering blood cholesterol levels, were associated to KB2115 administration. Following a single dose of KB2115, hepatocyte proliferation was evident as early as 18 h, demonstrating its direct mitogenic effect. No increase in serum transaminase levels or apoptosis was observed prior to or concomitantly with the S phase. While KB2115-induced mitogenesis was not associated to enhance expression of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc, cyclin D1 levels rapidly increased. In conclusion, KB2115 induces hepatocyte proliferation without overt toxicity. Hence, this agent may be useful for regenerative therapies in liver transplantation or other surgical settings.

Thyroid hormone metabolites and analogues

Endocrine 2019 Oct;66(1):105-114.PMID:31359245DOI:10.1007/s12020-019-02025-5.

Several metabolic products that derive from L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3'5-L-triiodothyronine (T3), the main thyroid hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, possess biologic activities. Among these metabolites or derivatives showing physiological actions some have received greater attention: diiodothyronines, iodothyronamines, acetic acid analogues. It is known that increased thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) levels can improve serum lipid profiles and reduce body fat. These positive effects are, however, counterbalanced by adverse effects on the heart, muscle and bone, limiting their use. In addition to the naturally occurring metabolites, thyroid hormone analogues have been developed that either have selective effects on specific tissues or bind selectively to thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoform. Among these GC-1, KB141, KB2115, and DITPA were deeply investigated and displayed promising therapeutic results in the potential treatment of conditions such as dyslipidemias and obesity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of metabolites and analogues of T4 and T3 with reference to their possible clinical application in the treatment of human diseases.

Thyroid hormones, mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid handling

Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010 Oct;17(5):402-7.PMID:20625286DOI:10.1097/MED.0b013e32833cf354.

Purpose of review: The article is principally intended to describe the recent evolutions in the field of research concerned with the metabolic actions of thyroid hormones and those of some of their metabolites or derivatives. Mitochondria, as a result of their functions, represent the principal objective of scientists investigating the mechanisms underlying the effects of thyroid hormones or their metabolites/derivatives. Recent findings: Indeed, some important recent findings concern these organelles, and in particular mitochondrial uncoupling and its modulation by effectors. Traditionally, thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodo-L-thyronine (T3) were the only thyroid hormones considered to have metabolic effects, and they alone were considered for potential as agents that might counteract some important abnormalities such as dyslipidaemias and obesity. Several observations, however, led to a reconsideration of this idea. In recent years, studies dealing with the biological activities of some natural metabolites or structural analogues of thyroid hormones have revealed abilities to ameliorate some major worldwide medical problems, such as artherosclerosis, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Among natural metabolites, 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) has been shown to powerfully reduce adiposity and dyslipidaemia and to reverse hepatic steatosis without unfavourable side-effects usually observed when T3 or T4 is used. Examples of synthetic analogues are GC-1 (or sobetirome) and KB2115 (or Eprotirome) which show ipolipidaemic and antiaterogenic capacities. Clinical trials are in progress for these last agents. Summary: In view of the above-mentioned actions, some of these compounds are now undergoing clinical trials and may have important implications for clinical practice or researches in the field of both endocrinology and metabolic-related abnormalities such as diabetes and dyslipidaemias.

Use of the thyroid hormone analogue eprotirome in statin-treated dyslipidemia

N Engl J Med 2010 Mar 11;362(10):906-16.PMID:20220185DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0905633.

Background: Dyslipidemia increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and is incompletely reversed by statin therapy alone in many patients. Thyroid hormone lowers levels of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and has other potentially favorable actions on lipoprotein metabolism. Consequently, thyromimetic drugs hold promise as lipid-lowering agents if adverse effects can be avoided. Methods: We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial to assess the safety and efficacy of the thyromimetic compound Eprotirome (KB2115) in lowering the level of serum LDL cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia who were already receiving simvastatin or atorvastatin. In addition to statin treatment, patients received either eprotirome (at a dose of 25, 50, or 100 microg per day) or placebo. Secondary outcomes were changes in levels of serum apolipoprotein B, triglycerides, and Lp(a) lipoprotein. Patients were monitored for potential adverse thyromimetic effects on the heart, bone, and pituitary. Results: The addition of placebo or eprotirome at a dose of 25, 50, or 100 microg daily to statin treatment for 12 weeks reduced the mean level of serum LDL cholesterol from 141 mg per deciliter (3.6 mmol per liter) to 127, 113, 99, and 94 mg per deciliter (3.3, 2.9, 2.6, and 2.4 mmol per liter), respectively, (mean reduction from baseline, 7%, 22%, 28%, and 32%). Similar reductions were seen in levels of serum apolipoprotein B, triglycerides, and Lp(a) lipoprotein. Eprotirome therapy was not associated with adverse effects on the heart or bone. No change in levels of serum thyrotropin or triiodothyronine was detected, although the thyroxine level decreased in patients receiving eprotirome. Conclusions: In this 12-week trial, the thyroid hormone analogue eprotirome was associated with decreases in levels of atherogenic lipoproteins in patients receiving treatment with statins. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00593047.)