D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid (sodium salt)

D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid (sodium salt) is an important intermediate in the glycolytic pathway and the Calvin (TCA) cycle, playing a key role in energy metabolism and carbohydrate biosynthesis^[1]. In the glycolytic process, D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid acts as an intermediate in the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to phosphoenolpyruvate, contributing to the generation of ATP and NADH^[2]. In the TCA cycle, D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid is formed from the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and is subsequently reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can be used for the synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates^[3]. In plants, D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid is also involved in the absorption of carbon dioxide and the synthesis of oxygen in chloroplasts^[4].

In vitro, D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid increases the activity of bisphosphoglycerate synthase in red blood cells in a dose-dependent manner^[5]. After HEK293 cells were cultured in low glucose conditions (<5mM) for 2 hours, the addition of D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid (10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 300μM) inhibited the interaction between phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) and p53, triggered the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser46, and thereby induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation^[6].

References:
[1] VON KORFF RW. Interaction of glycolytic and mitochondrial enzyme systems. II. The reaction sequences: fructose diphosphate to 3-phosphoglyceric acid; and pyruvate to lactate, carbon dioxide and water. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1959 Feb;31(2):467-75.
[2] Lee K, Doello S, Hagemann M, Forchhammer K. Deciphering the tight metabolite-level regulation of glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (GlgC) for glycogen synthesis in cyanobacteria. FEBS J. 2025 Feb;292(4):759-775.
[3] Ramos A, Neves AR, Ventura R, et al. Effect of pyruvate kinase overproduction on glucose metabolism of Lactococcus lactis. Microbiology (Reading). 2004 Apr;150(Pt 4):1103-1111.
[4] Routier C, Vallan L, Daguerre Y, et al. Chitosan-Modified Polyethyleneimine Nanoparticles for Enhancing the Carboxylation Reaction and Plants' CO2 Uptake. ACS Nano. 2023 Feb 28;17(4):3430-3441.
[5] Yu KT, Pendley C 2nd, Herczeg T, et al. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate phosphatase/synthase: a potential target for elevating the diphosphoglycerate level in human red blood cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990 Jan;252(1):192-200.
[6] Wu YQ, Zhang CS, Xiong J, et al. Low glucose metabolite 3-phosphoglycerate switches PHGDH from serine synthesis to p53 activation to control cell fate. Cell Res. 2023 Nov;33(11):835-850.

D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid (sodium salt)是糖酵解途径和卡尔文（TCA）循环中的重要中间体，在能量代谢和碳水化合物生物合成中发挥关键作用^[1]。在糖酵解过程中，D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid是甘油醛-3-磷酸转化为磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸的中间体，参与生成ATP和NADH^[2]，在TCA循环中，D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid由核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化形成，随后被还原为甘油醛-3-磷酸，可用于合成葡萄糖和其他碳水化合物^[3]。在植物中，D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid还参与了叶绿体中的二氧化碳吸收和氧气合成代谢^[4]。

在体外，D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid以剂量依赖的方式增加红细胞中二磷酸甘油酸合酶的活性^[5]。HEK293细胞在低葡萄糖条件下（<5mM）培养2小时后，添加D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric Acid（10、25、50、100、150、300μM）可抑制磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶（PHGDH）和p53的互作，触发p53的Ser46位点磷酸化，进而诱导细胞凋亡，抑制细胞增殖^[6]。