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Acetyl Tetrapeptide-9 (acetate) Sale

(Synonyms: AcTP1, N-acetyl-Gln-Asp-Val-His) 目录号 : GC49699

A synthetic signal peptide

Acetyl Tetrapeptide-9 (acetate) Chemical Structure

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100 mg
¥619.00
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500 mg
¥2,712.00
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1 g
¥4,806.00
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Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.

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产品描述

Acetyl tetrapeptide-9 is a synthetic signal peptide.1 It stimulates the synthesis of lumican in vitro.2

1.Gorouhi, F., and Maibach, H.I.Role of topical peptides in preventing or treating aged skinInt. J. Cosmet. Sci.31(5)327-345(2009) 2.Pauly, G., Contet-Audonneau, J.-L., Moussou, P., et al.Small proteoglycans in the skin: New targets in the fight against skin agingInt. J. Cosmet. Sci.31(2)154(2009)

Chemical Properties

Cas No. N/A SDF Download SDF
别名 AcTP1, N-acetyl-Gln-Asp-Val-His
Canonical SMILES OC([C@H](CC1=CN=CN1)NC([C@H](C(C)C)NC([C@H](CC(O)=O)NC([C@@H](NC(C)=O)CCC(N)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O.CC(O)=O
分子式 C22H33N7O9 • XC2H4O2 分子量 539.5
溶解度 DMF: insol,DMSO: insol,Ethanol: insol,PBS (pH 7.2): 5 mg/ml 储存条件 -20°C
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储备液的保存方式和期限:-80°C 储存时,请在 6 个月内使用,-20°C 储存时,请在 1 个月内使用。
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溶解性数据

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1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.8536 mL 9.2678 mL 18.5357 mL
5 mM 0.3707 mL 1.8536 mL 3.7071 mL
10 mM 0.1854 mL 0.9268 mL 1.8536 mL
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Research Update

acetate Metabolism in Physiology, Cancer, and Beyond

Trends Cell Biol 2019 Sep;29(9):695-703.PMID:31160120DOI:10.1016/j.tcb.2019.05.005.

acetate and the related metabolism of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) confer numerous metabolic functions, including energy production, lipid synthesis, and protein acetylation. Despite its importance as a nutrient for cellular metabolism, its source has been unclear. Recent studies have provided evidence to support the existence of a de novo pathway for acetate production derived from pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis. This mechanism of pyruvate-derived acetate generation could have far-reaching implications for the regulation of central carbon metabolism. In this Opinion, we discuss our current understanding of acetate metabolism in the context of cell-autonomous metabolic regulation, cell-cell interactions, and systemic physiology. Applications relevant to health and disease, particularly cancer, are emphasized.

The role of fatty acid β-oxidation in lymphangiogenesis

Nature 2017 Feb 2;542(7639):49-54.PMID:28024299DOI:10.1038/nature21028.

Lymphatic vessels are lined by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), and are critical for health. However, the role of metabolism in lymphatic development has not yet been elucidated. Here we report that in transgenic mouse models, LEC-specific loss of CPT1A, a rate-controlling enzyme in fatty acid β-oxidation, impairs lymphatic development. LECs use fatty acid β-oxidation to proliferate and for epigenetic regulation of lymphatic marker expression during LEC differentiation. Mechanistically, the transcription factor PROX1 upregulates CPT1A expression, which increases acetyl coenzyme A production dependent on fatty acid β-oxidation. Acetyl coenzyme A is used by the histone acetyltransferase p300 to acetylate histones at lymphangiogenic genes. PROX1-p300 interaction facilitates preferential histone acetylation at PROX1-target genes. Through this metabolism-dependent mechanism, PROX1 mediates epigenetic changes that promote lymphangiogenesis. Notably, blockade of CPT1 enzymes inhibits injury-induced lymphangiogenesis, and replenishing acetyl coenzyme A by supplementing acetate rescues this process in vivo.

ATP-Citrate Lyase Controls a Glucose-to-Acetate Metabolic Switch

Cell Rep 2016 Oct 18;17(4):1037-1052.PMID:27760311DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.069.

Mechanisms of metabolic flexibility enable cells to survive under stressful conditions and can thwart therapeutic responses. Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) plays central roles in energy production, lipid metabolism, and epigenomic modifications. Here, we show that, upon genetic deletion of Acly, the gene coding for ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), cells remain viable and proliferate, although at an impaired rate. In the absence of ACLY, cells upregulate ACSS2 and utilize exogenous acetate to provide acetyl-CoA for de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and histone acetylation. A physiological level of acetate is sufficient for cell viability and abundant acetyl-CoA production, although histone acetylation levels remain low in ACLY-deficient cells unless supplemented with high levels of acetate. ACLY-deficient adipocytes accumulate lipid in vivo, exhibit increased acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA production from acetate, and display some differences in fatty acid content and synthesis. Together, these data indicate that engagement of acetate metabolism is a crucial, although partial, mechanism of compensation for ACLY deficiency.

Alcohol metabolism contributes to brain histone acetylation

Nature 2019 Oct;574(7780):717-721.PMID:31645761DOI:10.1038/s41586-019-1700-7.

Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic regulation is dependent on metabolic state, and implicates specific metabolic factors in neural functions that drive behaviour1. In neurons, acetylation of histones relies on the metabolite acetyl-CoA, which is produced from acetate by chromatin-bound acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2)2. Notably, the breakdown of alcohol in the liver leads to a rapid increase in levels of blood acetate3, and alcohol is therefore a major source of acetate in the body. Histone acetylation in neurons may thus be under the influence of acetate that is derived from alcohol4, with potential effects on alcohol-induced gene expression in the brain, and on behaviour5. Here, using in vivo stable-isotope labelling in mice, we show that the metabolism of alcohol contributes to rapid acetylation of histones in the brain, and that this occurs in part through the direct deposition of acetyl groups that are derived from alcohol onto histones in an ACSS2-dependent manner. A similar direct deposition was observed when mice were injected with heavy-labelled acetate in vivo. In a pregnant mouse, exposure to labelled alcohol resulted in the incorporation of labelled acetyl groups into gestating fetal brains. In isolated primary hippocampal neurons ex vivo, extracellular acetate induced transcriptional programs related to learning and memory, which were sensitive to ACSS2 inhibition. We show that alcohol-related associative learning requires ACSS2 in vivo. These findings suggest that there is a direct link between alcohol metabolism and gene regulation, through the ACSS2-dependent acetylation of histones in the brain.

acetate Production from Glucose and Coupling to Mitochondrial Metabolism in Mammals

Cell 2018 Oct 4;175(2):502-513.e13.PMID:30245009DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.040.

acetate is a major nutrient that supports acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) metabolism and thus lipogenesis and protein acetylation. However, its source is unclear. Here, we report that pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis and key node in central carbon metabolism, quantitatively generates acetate in mammals. This phenomenon becomes more pronounced in the context of nutritional excess, such as during hyperactive glucose metabolism. Conversion of pyruvate to acetate occurs through two mechanisms: (1) coupling to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and (2) neomorphic enzyme activity from keto acid dehydrogenases that enable function as pyruvate decarboxylases. Further, we demonstrate that de novo acetate production sustains Ac-CoA pools and cell proliferation in limited metabolic environments, such as during mitochondrial dysfunction or ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) deficiency. By virtue of de novo acetate production being coupled to mitochondrial metabolism, there are numerous possible regulatory mechanisms and links to pathophysiology.