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4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone Sale

(Synonyms: 4-甲基亚硝胺基-1-3-吡啶基-1-丁酮(NNK),NNK) 目录号 : GC46607

A tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone Chemical Structure

Cas No.:64091-91-4

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产品描述

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen.1 Reactive metabolites of NNK alkylate DNA, forming pyridyloxobutyl (POB) and pyridylhydroxybutyl (PHB) adducts, and induce DNA methylation. NNK (100 mg/kg, single dose) increases the protein levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in mouse bronchial epithelial cells within one day and increases hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor genes Chd13, Prdm2, and Runx3 in lung tissue within three days.2 It induces tumor formation preferentially in the lung via various routes of administration in animal models.3 NNK induces adenomas and adenocarcinomas, which are present after 16 and 50 weeks, respectively, in mouse lung when administered at a single dose of 10 µmol/animal. Lifetime administration of NNK (63.5 mg/animal) to rats results in a 90% incidence of lung tumors.4

1.Carlson, E.S., Upadhyaya, P., Villalta, P.W., et al.Analysis and identification of 2’-deoxyadenosine-derived adducts in lung and lover DNA of F-344 rats treated with the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and enantiomers of its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanolChem. Res. Toxicol.31(5)358-370(2018) 2.Jin, H., Chen, J.X., Wang, H., et al.NNK-induced DNA methyltransferase 1 in lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice and inhibitory effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallateNutr. Cancer67(1)167-176(2016) 3.Hecht, S.S.Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosaminesChem. Res. Toxicol.11(6)559-603(1998) 4.Rivenson, A., Hoffmann, D., Prokopczyk, B., et al.Induction of lung and exocrine pancreas tumors in F344 rats by tobacco-specific and Areca-derived N-nitrosaminesCancer Res.48(23)6912-6917(1988)

Chemical Properties

Cas No. 64091-91-4 SDF
别名 4-甲基亚硝胺基-1-3-吡啶基-1-丁酮(NNK),NNK
化学名 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone
Canonical SMILES O=C(CCCN(C)N=O)C1=CC=CN=C1
分子式 C10H13N3O2 分子量 207.2
溶解度 DMF: 30 mg/ml, DMSO: 25 mg/ml, Ethanol: 25 mg/ml, 储存条件 Store at -20°C
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1 mM 4.8263 mL 24.1313 mL 48.2625 mL
5 mM 0.9653 mL 4.8263 mL 9.6525 mL
10 mM 0.4826 mL 2.4131 mL 4.8263 mL
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Research Update

Regulatory function of peroxiredoxin I on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung cancer development

Oncol Lett 2021 Jun;21(6):465.PMID:33907575DOI:10.3892/ol.2021.12726.

Smoking is a major cause of lung cancer, and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the most important carcinogens in cigarette smoke. NNK modulates the expression of peroxiredoxin (Prdx) I in lung cancer. Prdx1 is upregulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma, and considered a potential biomarker for lung cancer. The current article reviewed the role and regulatory mechanisms of Prdx1 in NNK-induced lung cancer cells. Prdx1 protects erythrocytes and DNA from NNK-induced oxidative damage, prevents malignant transformation of cells and promotes cytotoxicity of natural killer cells, hence suppressing tumor formation. In addition, Prdx1 has the ability to prevent NNK-induced lung tumor metabolic activity and generation of large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced apoptosis, thus promoting tumor cell survival. In contrast to this, Prdx1, together with NNK, can promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of lung tumor cells. The signaling pathways associated with NNK and Prdx1 in lung cancer cells have been discussed in present review; however, numerous potential pathways are yet to be studied. To develop novel methods for treating NNK-induced lung cancer, and improve the survival rate of patients with lung cancer, further research is needed to understand the complete mechanism associated with NNK.

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone provokes progression from chronic pancreatitis to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia

iScience 2021 Dec 18;25(1):103647.PMID:35028532DOI:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103647.

The risk of pancreatic cancer is higher among people who are cigarette smokers than among non-smokers; however, the action mechanisms of cigarette metabolites are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in cigarette smoking on chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer as well as the biological mechanism of NNK causing malignant transformation. We show that smoking may promote Kras mutation and P16 promoter methylation from clinical samples and NNK markedly facilitates the growth and migration of pancreatic cancer cells via the activation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling. We demonstrate that NNK promotes acinar-to-ductal metastasis and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia in rats with chronic pancreatitis, accompanied by desmoplastic reaction and Gli1 overexpression. Together, we here present evidence that NNK provokes the progression of chronic pancreatitis toward pancreatic cancer and highlight potential strategies and targets for early prevention of pancreatic cancer and its therapeutics.

Toxicity of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in early development: A wide-scope metabolomics assay in zebrafish embryos

J Hazard Mater 2022 May 5;429:127746.PMID:35086039DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127746.

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a carcinogenic and ubiquitous environmental pollutant for which toxic activity has been thoroughly investigated in murine models and human tissues. However, its potential deleterious effects on vertebrate early development are yet poorly understood. In this work, we characterized the impact of NNK exposure during early developmental stages of zebrafish embryos, a known alternative model for mammalian toxicity studies. Embryos exposed to different NNK concentrations were monitored for lethality and for the appearance of malformations during the first five days after fertilization. LC-MS based untargeted metabolomics was subsequently performed for a wide-scope assay of NNK-related metabolic alterations. Our results revealed the presence of not only the parental compound, but also of two known NNK metabolites, 4-Hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyric acid (HPBA) and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl-N-oxide)-1-butanol (NNAL-N-oxide) in exposed embryos likely resulting from active CYP450-mediated α-hydroxylation and NNK detoxification pathways, respectively. This was paralleled by a disruption in purine and pyrimidine metabolisms and the activation of the base excision repair pathway. Our results confirm NNK as a harmful embryonic agent and demonstrate zebrafish embryos to be a suitable early development model to monitor NNK toxicity.

Determination of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) arising from tobacco smoke in airborne particulate matter

Environ Int 2022 Jan;158:106992.PMID:34991253DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106992.

The most important tobacco-specific nitrosamine found in cigarette smoke and formed in ageing smoke after cigarettes are extinguished is 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). It is formed from nitrosation of nicotine, under particular conditions both in indoor and outdoor environments. NNK has been classified as a potent lung carcinogen which is expected to be found primarily in the particle-phase and to be stable in particulate matter. In this study tests have been carried out to show that a bisulfate-treated filter is more efficient than an untreated filter to collect both nicotine and NNK, and that the latter is stable in outdoor particulate matter. To characterize NNK in the outdoor environment, airborne samples were collected from 11 cities in USA, UK, Hong Kong and Malta with characteristics varying from low to high population densities and from urban to suburban to rural, and with desert characteristics and distinct climates. It has been shown that airborne particle + gas phase nicotine and particle-phase NNK behave in a linearly correlated manner. A seasonal analysis was carried out on a subset of data available from five sites in California, where the load of NNK in PM10 is driven by long range transport of the air masses passing over densely populated cities. In the winter season, the load of NNK in PM is higher than in summer in a statistically significant manner. The contamination of PM with NNK shows variability, but is observed at all sites. This paper highlights the potential risk of chronic exposure to NNK in particulate matter by the inhalation pathway.

90-day nose-only inhalation toxicity study of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in Sprague-Dawley rats

Food Chem Toxicol 2022 Feb;160:112780.PMID:34965465DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112780.

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the key tobacco-specific nitrosamines that plays an important role in human lung carcinogenesis. Repeated dose inhalation toxicity data on NNK, particularly relevant to cigarette smoking, however, is surprisingly limited. Hence, there is a lack of direct information available on the carcinogenic and potential non-carcinogenic effects of NNK via inhalational route exposure. In the present study, the subchronic inhalation toxicity of NNK was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats. Both sexes (9-10 weeks age; 23 rats/sex/group) were exposed by nose-only inhalation to air, vehicle control (75% propylene glycol), or 0.2, 0.8, 3.2, or 7.8 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day of NNK (NNK aerosol concentrations: 0, 0, 0.0066, 0.026, 0.11, or 0.26 mg/L air) for 1 h/day for 90 consecutive days. Toxicity was evaluated by assessing body weights; food consumption; clinical pathology; histopathology; organ weights; blood, urine, and tissue levels of NNK, its major metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and their glucuronides (reported as total NNK, tNNK, and total NNAL, tNNAL, respectively); tissue levels of the DNA adduct O6-methylguanine; blood and bone marrow micronucleus (MN) frequency; and bone marrow DNA strand breaks (comet assay). The results showed that NNK exposure caused multiple significant adverse effects, with the most sensitive endpoint being non-neoplastic lesions in the nose. Although the genotoxic biomarker O6-methylguanine was detected, genotoxicity from NNK exposure was negative in the MN and comet assays. The Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (LOAEL) was 0.8 mg/kg BW/day or 0.026 mg/L air of NNK for 1 h/day for both sexes. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) was 0.2 mg/kg BW/day or 0.0066 mg/L air of NNK for 1 h/day for both sexes. The results of this study provide new information relevant to assessing the human exposure hazard of NNK.