12-Nitrolinoleate

12-Nitrolinoleate is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and a nitrated form of linoleic acid . It is formed upon exposure to acidified nitrite and is found in human red blood cells and plasma. 12-Nitrolinoleate induces PPARγ-dependent gene expression in a reporter assay using MCF-7 cells expressing human PPARγ (EC50 = 0.045 µM). It inhibits LPS-induced secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in THP-1 and RAW 264.7 macrophages when used at a concentration of 2.5 µM. 12-Nitrolinoleate inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in a reporter assay using RAW 264.7 macrophages and TNF-α-induced increases in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). It increases the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in primary human aortic endothelial cells when used at concentrations of 1, 5, or 10 µM.