Homocarnosine
(Synonyms: 高肌肽; L-Homocarnosine; γ-Aminobutyryl-L-histidine) 目录号 : GC48897
A dipeptide
Cas No.:3650-73-5
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >95.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Homocarnosine is a dipeptide composed of GABA and L-histidine that has been found in cerebrospinal fluid and the brain.1 It inhibits lipid peroxidation induced by AAPH when used at a concentration of 10 mM.2 Homocarnosine (1 mM) decreases lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and prostaglandin E2 release from PC12 cells in an in vitro model of ischemia induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation.3 It reduces infarct area and neurological deficit scores in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).4 Homocarnosine (5 mg/animal) reduces mortality in a mouse model of subcutaneous S. aureus infection.5
1.Crush, K.G.Carnosine and related substances in animal tissuesComp. Biochem. Physiol.34(1)3-30(1970) 2.Kohen, R., Yamamoto, Y., Cundy, K.C., et al.Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brainProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA85(9)3175-3179(1988) 3.Tabakman, R., Lazarovici, P., and Kohen, R.Neuroprotective effects of carnosine and homocarnosine on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells exposed to ischemiaJ. Neurosci. Res.68(4)463-469(2002) 4.Huang, J., Wang, T., Yu, D., et al.L-Homocarnosine attenuates inflammation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasomeInt. J. Biol. Macromol.118(Pt A)357-364(2018) 5.Mukkada, A.J., Nutini, L.G., and Cook, E.S.Prophylactic effects of γ-aminobutyrylhistidine (homocarnosine) on experimental staphylococcal infections in miceAppl. Microbiol.18(4)641-645(1969)
| Cas No. | 3650-73-5 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 高肌肽; L-Homocarnosine; γ-Aminobutyryl-L-histidine | ||
| Canonical SMILES | OC([C@H](CC1=CN=CN1)NC(CCCN)=O)=O | ||
| 分子式 | C10H16N4O3 | 分子量 | 240.3 |
| 溶解度 | DMF: 30 mg/ml,DMSO: 10 mg/ml,Ethanol: 1 mg/ml,PBS (pH 7.2): 10 mg/ml | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 4.1615 mL | 20.8073 mL | 41.6146 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.8323 mL | 4.1615 mL | 8.3229 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.4161 mL | 2.0807 mL | 4.1615 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
GABA and glutamate in the human brain
Neuroscientist 2002 Dec;8(6):562-73.PMID:12467378DOI:10.1177/1073858402238515.
Cortical excitability reflects a balance between excitation and inhibition. Glutamate is the main excitatory and GABA the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cortex. Changes in glutamate and GABA metabolism may play important roles in the control of cortical excitability. Glutamate is the metabolic precursor of GABA, which can be recycled through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to synthesize glutamate. GABA synthesis is unique among neurotransmitters, having two separate isoforms of the rate-controlling enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase. The need for two separate genes on two chromosomes to control GABA synthesis is unexplained. Two metabolites of GABA are present in uniquely high concentrations in the human brain. Homocarnosine and pyrrolidinone have a major impact on GABA metabolism in the human brain. Both of these GABA metabolites have anticonvulsant properties and can have a major impact on cortical excitability.
Elevated Homocarnosine and GABA in subject on isoniazid as assessed through 1H MRS at 7T
Anal Biochem 2020 Jun 15;599:113738.PMID:32302606DOI:10.1016/j.ab.2020.113738.
Typical magnetic resonance spectroscopy J-editing methods designed to quantify GABA suffer from contamination of both overlapping macromolecules and Homocarnosine signal, introducing potential confounds. The aim of this study was to develop a novel method to assess accurately both the relative concentrations of Homocarnosine as well as GABA free from overlapping creatine, Homocarnosine and macromolecule signal. A novel method which utilized the combination of echo time STEAM and MEGA-sLASER magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments at 7T were used to quantify the concentration of GABA and homocarnsoine independently, which are typically quantified in tandem. The metabolites GABA and Homocarnosine were measured in brain of 6 healthy control subjects, and in a single subject medicated with isoniazid. It was found that (16.6±10.2)% of the supposed GABA signal in the brain originated from Homocarnosine, and that isoniazid caused significantly elevated concentration of GABA and Homocarnosine in a single subject compared to controls.
Carnosine and Homocarnosine, the forgotten, enigmatic peptides of the brain
Neurochem Res 2005 Oct;30(10):1339-45.PMID:16341596DOI:10.1007/s11064-005-8806-z.
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-histidine) and Homocarnosine (gamma-aminobutyryl-histidine) are major constituents of excitable tissues, brain and skeletal muscles, but their physiological functions are yet unknown. Using primary cell culture systems, synthesis and uptake of carnosine exclusively by glial cells could be demonstrated. Uptake of carnosine was found to be mediated by a high affinity, energy-dependent dipeptide transport system, subsequently identified as the peptide transporter PepT2. With the synthesis of beta-Ala-Lys-Nepsilon-AMCA as a fluorescent reporter molecule, accumulation of this dipeptide derivative could be monitored under viable conditions not only in astroglia cells but also in folliculostellate cells of the anterior pituitary and in gonadal resident macrophages. This reporter dipeptide provided a most valuable tool to identify an intrapituitary communication system by tracing folliculostellate cells in acute slice preparation. Moreover, this substance could also be used to prepare pituitary cell cultures enriched with or depleted of folliculostellate cells that are needed for further studies.
Copper(II)-chelating Homocarnosine glycoconjugate as a new multifunctional compound
J Inorg Biochem 2014 Feb;131:56-63.PMID:24246303DOI:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.10.020.
Homocarnosine is an endogenous dipeptide distributed in cerebral regions and cerebrospinal fluid. Homocarnosine may serve as an antioxidant, free radical scavenger, neurotransmitter, buffering system and metal chelating agent, especially for copper(II) and zinc(II). The homeostasis of Homocarnosine is regulated by carnosinases; the serum-circulating isoform of these metallodipeptidases partially hydrolyses Homocarnosine in the blood. The enzyme activity is also inhibited by Homocarnosine itself in a dose-dependent manner. We synthesized a new multifunctional Homocarnosine derivative with trehalose, a disaccharide that possesses several beneficial properties, among which the inhibition of protein aggregation (i.e. Aβ amyloid and polyglutamine proteins) involved in widespread neurodegenerative disorders. We studied the copper(II) binding features of the new conjugate by means of potentiometric and spectroscopic techniques (UV-visible and circular dichroism) and the superoxide dismutase-like activity of the copper(II) complexes with Homocarnosine and its trehalose conjugate was evaluated. The inhibitory effect of the new Homocarnosine derivative on the carnosinase activity and its effects on Aβ aggregation were also investigated.
Vigabatrin increases human brain Homocarnosine and improves seizure control
Ann Neurol 1998 Dec;44(6):948-52.PMID:9851440DOI:10.1002/ana.410440614.
Homocarnosine, a dipeptide of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine, is thought to be an inhibitory neuromodulator synthesized in subclasses of GABAergic neurons. Homocarnosine is present in human brain in greater amounts (0.4-1.0 micromol/g) than in other animals. The antiepileptic drug vigabatrin increases human cerebrospinal fluid Homocarnosine linearly with daily dose. By using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, serial occipital lobe GABA and Homocarnosine concentrations were measured in 11 patients started on vigabatrin. Daily low-dose (2 g) vigabatrin increased both Homocarnosine and GABA. Larger doses of vigabatrin (4 g) further increased Homocarnosine but changed GABA levels minimally. Seizure control improved with increasing Homocarnosine and GABA concentrations. Patients whose seizure control improved with the addition of vigabatrin had higher mean Homocarnosine, but the same mean GABA concentrations, than those whose seizure control did not improve. Increased Homocarnosine may contribute to improved seizure control.