Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt

Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt is a nucleotide that plays a critical role in biosynthesis and cellular signal transduction^[1]. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt serves as a phosphate group donor, participates in protein synthesis processes, and activates G protein-mediated signaling pathways^[2]. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt acts as a high-energy mononucleotide precursor in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt can promoting the differentiation of myogenic cells and showing potential for applications in studies such as skeletal muscle regeneration^[3-4].

In vitro, treatment of PC12 cells with Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt (300μM) for 48 hours promotes neurite outgrowth^[5]. Treatment of C2C12 mouse myoblasts with Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt (500μM) for 48 hours induces a transient increase in intracellular calcium concentration, activates intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (IKCa), and leads to membrane hyperpolarization^[6]. Exposure of human myogenic precursor cells to Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt (500μM) for 24 hours significantly upregulates the expression of the myogenic regulator Myogenin and specifically enhances the expression of miR-133a and miR-133b^[7]. Treatment of PC12 cells with Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt (300μM) for 48 hours induces a sustained increase in intracellular calcium concentration by activating specific GTP-binding sites on the cell surface (Kd=52.9μM), an effect dependent on the activation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels^[8].

References:
[1] Pendergrass JC, Haley BE. Inhibition of brain tubulin-guanosine 5'-triphosphate interactions by mercury: similarity to observations in Alzheimer's diseased brain. Met Ions Biol Syst. 1997;34:461-78.
[2] Kaziro Y. The role of guanosine 5'-triphosphate in polypeptide chain elongation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Sep 21;505(1):95-127.
[3] Lin D, Cui F, Bu Q, et al. The expression and clinical significance of GTP-binding RAS-like 3 (ARHI) and microRNA 221 and 222 in prostate cancer. J Int Med Res. 2011;39(5):1870-5.
[4] Pietrangelo T, Guarnieri S, Fulle S, et al. Signal transduction events induced by extracellular guanosine 5' triphosphate in excitable cells. Purinergic Signal. 2006 Nov;2(4):633-6.
[5] Gysbers JW, Rathbone MP. GTP and guanosine synergistically enhance NGF-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1996 Feb;14(1):19-34.
[6] Pietrangelo T, Fioretti B, Mancinelli R, et al. Extracellular guanosine-5'-triphosphate modulates myogenesis via intermediate Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents in C2C12 mouse cells. J Physiol. 2006 May 1;572(Pt 3):721-33.
[7] Pietrangelo T, Di Filippo ES, Locatelli M, et al. Extracellular Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Induces Human Muscle Satellite Cells to Release Exosomes Stuffed With Guanosine. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Mar 16;9:152.
[8] Gysbers JW, Guarnieri S, Mariggiò MA, et al. Extracellular guanosine 5' triphosphate enhances nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth via increases in intracellular calcium. Neuroscience. 2000;96(4):817-24.

Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt是一种在生物合成和细胞信号转导中发挥关键作用的核苷酸^[1]。Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt能够作为磷酸基团的供体，参与蛋白质的合成过程并激活G蛋白介导的信号通路^[2]。Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt还是DNA和RNA酶促生物合成中高能量的单核苷酸单元前体，并可上调特定microRNA的表达，从而促进肌源性细胞的分化，在骨骼肌再生等研究中具有应用潜力^[3-4]。

在体外，Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt（300μM）处理PC12细胞48小时，可促进神经突生长^[5]。Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt（500μM）处理C2C12小鼠成肌细胞48小时，可诱导细胞内钙离子浓度瞬时升高，激活中间电导钙激活钾通道（IKCa），引起细胞膜超极化^[6]。Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt（500μM）处理人肌源性前体细胞24小时，可显著上调成肌调节因子Myogenin基因表达，并特异性促进miR-133a和miR-133b的表达^[7]。Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt（300μM）处理PC12细胞48小时，可通过激活细胞表面特异性GTP结合位点（Kd= 52.9μM）诱导细胞内钙离子浓度持续升高，该效应依赖于L型电压门控钙通道的激活^[8]。