20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3

20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is a rare ginsenoside extracted from ginseng (Na⁺: IC₅₀ = 32.2±4.5μM; hKv1.4: IC₅₀ = 32.6±2.2μM) ^[1-2]. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Aβ aggregation, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression, exerting neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects ^[3]. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is often used in adjuvant anticancer therapy ^[4].

In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 (1, 5, 10μg/mL; 36h) protects endothelial cells from serum-deprived apoptosis ^[5]. In HIT-T15 cells, 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 (2, 4, 8, 16μM; 1h) at the concentration range between 2 and 8μM augmented a glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a concentration dependent manner ^[6]. In HT29 cells, 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600μM; 24h, 48h) reduced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner ^[7].

In institute of cancer research mice, 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 (12.5, 25mg/kg; po; single oral dose) reduces blood sugar levels by stimulating insulin secretion ^[6]. In H22-bearing mice model, the growth of H22 transplanted tumors was inhibited when treated with 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 (3mg/kg; ip;10d), and the cellular immunity of H22-bearing mice was remarkably enhanced after 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment ^[8].

References:
[1]. Kim JH, Hong YH, Lee JH, et al. A role for the carbohydrate portion of ginsenoside Rg3 in Na+ channel inhibition. Molecules and Cells. 2005 Feb 1; 19(1): 137-142.
[2]. Lee JH, Lee BH, Choi SH, et al. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits human Kv1.4 channel currents by interacting with the Lys531 residue. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Mar; 73(3): 619-626.
[3]. Lee IS, Uh I, Kim KS, et al. Anti‐inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rg3 via NF‐κB pathway in A549 cells and human asthmatic lung tissue. Journal of Immunology Research. 2016; 2016(1): 7521601.
[4]. Mochizuki M, Yoo Y, MATsUzAwA K, et al. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20 (R)-and 20 (S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1995 Sep 15; 18(9): 1197-1202.
[5]. Min JK, Kim JH, Cho YL, et al. 20 (S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 prevents endothelial cell apoptosis via inhibition of a mitochondrial caspase pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2006 Oct 27; 349(3): 987-994.
[6]. Park MW, Ha J, Chung SH. 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and activates AMPK. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2008 Apr 1; 31(4): 748-751.
[7]. Lee SY, Kim GT, Roh SH, et al. Proteomic analysis of the anti-cancer effect of 20 S-ginsenoside Rg3 in human colon cancer cell lines. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 2009 Apr 23; 73(4): 811-816.
[8]. Wu R, Ru Q, Chen L, et al. Stereospecificity of Ginsenoside Rg3 in the promotion of cellular immunity in hepatoma H22‐bearing mice. Journal of Food Science. 2014 Jul; 79(7): H1430- H1435.

20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3是从人参中提取的稀有人参皂苷（Na⁺：IC₅₀ = 32.2±4.5μM；hKv1.4：IC₅₀ = 32.6±2.2μM） ^[1-2]。20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3可抑制Aβ聚集、NF-κB活性和COX-2表达，发挥神经保护和抗炎作用 ^[3]。20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3常用于辅助抗癌治疗 ^[4]。

在人脐静脉内皮细胞中，20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3（1、5、10μg/mL；36h）可保护内皮细胞免于血清缺乏性凋亡 ^[5]。在HIT-T15细胞中，浓度在2至8μM之间的20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3（2、4、8、16μM；1h）以浓度依赖性方式增强葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌 ^[6]。在HT29细胞中，20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3（25、50、100、200、400、600μM；24h、48h）以剂量依赖性方式抑制细胞增殖 ^[7]。

在癌症研究所小鼠中，20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3（12.5、25mg/kg；po；单次口服）通过刺激胰岛素分泌来降低血糖水平 ^[6]。在H22荷瘤小鼠模型中，20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3（3mg/kg；ip；10d）治疗后H22移植瘤的生长受到抑制，并且20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3治疗后H22荷瘤小鼠的细胞免疫力明显增强 ^[8]。