D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid
(Synonyms: R-2-羟基戊二酸,(R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate; (R)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid; (R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acid) 目录号 : GC18583
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid是α-酮戊二酸（α-KG）的弱竞争性拮抗剂（Ki = 10.87mM）。
Cas No.:13095-47-1
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid is a weak competitive antagonist of α‑ketoglutarate (α‑KG) (Ki = 10.87mM) [1]. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid promotes ROS production, binds and inhibits ATP synthase—thus compromising mitochondrial respiration and shifting metabolism toward glycolysis—and suppresses mTOR signaling, impacting energy homeostasis and cell proliferation [2-3]. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid is often used to study the mechanisms related to metabolic diseases and tumor metabolism [4].
In endothelial cells, D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid (10mM, 20mM; 8h) inhibits endothelial cell migration, wound healing, and tube formation by inhibiting cell proliferation [5]. In CD8 + T cells, D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid (0-20mM; 24h) inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner [6]. In U251 cells, cell viability, total cell number, live cell count, and DNA replication decreased after D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid (500μM, 1000μM; 24h) treatment [7].
In C57BL/6 mice, D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid (50μg/g; ip; single injection) regulates local and systemic inflammatory responses in vivo [8].
References:
[1]. Xu W, Yang H, Liu Y, et al. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases[J]. Cancer cell, 2011, 19(1): 17-30.
[2]. Fu X, Chin R M, Vergnes L, et al. 2-Hydroxyglutarate inhibits ATP synthase and mTOR signaling[J]. Cell metabolism, 2015, 22(3): 508-515.
[3]. Böttcher M, Renner K, Berger R, et al. D-2-hydroxyglutarate interferes with HIF-1α stability skewing T-cell metabolism towards oxidative phosphorylation and impairing Th17 polarization[J]. Oncoimmunology, 2018, 7(7): e1445454.
[4]. Ye D, Guan K L, Xiong Y. Metabolism, activity, and targeting of D-and L-2-hydroxyglutarates[J]. Trends in cancer, 2018, 4(2): 151-165.
[5]. Cao C, Zhang L, Sorensen M D, et al. D-2-hydroxyglutarate regulates human brain vascular endothelial cell proliferation and barrier function[J]. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 2023, 82(11): 921-933.
[6]. Notarangelo G, Spinelli J B, Perez E M, et al. Oncometabolite d-2HG alters T cell metabolism to impair CD8+ T cell function[J]. Science, 2022, 377(6614): 1519-1529.
[7]. Tong S, Wu J, Song Y, et al. IDH1-mutant metabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate inhibits proliferation and sensitizes glioma to temozolomide via down-regulating ITGB4/PI3K/AKT[J]. Cell Death Discovery, 2024, 10(1): 317.
[8]. de Goede K E, Harber K J, Gorki F S, et al. d-2-Hydroxyglutarate is an anti-inflammatory immunometabolite that accumulates in macrophages after TLR4 activation[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 2022, 1868(9): 166427.
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid是α-酮戊二酸（α-KG）的弱竞争性拮抗剂（Ki = 10.87mM） [1]。D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid促进活性氧（ROS）生成，结合并抑制ATP合酶，从而损害线粒体呼吸作用，使代谢转向糖酵解，并抑制mTOR信号传导，影响能量稳态和细胞增殖 [2-3]。D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid常用于研究代谢性疾病和肿瘤代谢相关机制 [4]。
在内皮细胞中，D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid（10mM、20mM；8h）通过抑制细胞增殖来抑制内皮细胞迁移、伤口愈合和管腔形成 [5]。在CD8+T细胞中，D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid（0-20mM；24h）以剂量依赖性方式抑制细胞增殖 [6]。在U251细胞中，经D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid（500μM，1000μM；24h）处理后，细胞活力、细胞总数、活细胞计数和DNA复制均降低 [7]。
在C57BL/6小鼠中，D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid（50μg/g；ip；单次注射）调节体内局部和全身炎症反应 [8]。
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
Cell lines | Endothelial cells |
Preparation Method | 70µL of the endothelial cells (3×105cells/mL, passages 6–8) were seeded into each chamber of the culture inserts and incubated for 16 hours to allow cell attachment and confluence. Next, 0, 10, or 20mM D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid was added, and the cells were cultured for 8 hours before the inserts were carefully removed to expose cell-free gaps. Images of the gaps were then recorded after 4, 8, and 14 hours under an inverted microscope. |
Reaction Conditions | 10mM, 20mM; 8h |
Applications | D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid inhibits endothelial cell migration, wound healing, and tube formation by inhibiting cell proliferation. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
Animal models | C57BL/6 mice |
Preparation Method | For the in vivo experiment, at day 5, mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 50μg/g body weight D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid or vehicle (5% DMSO in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), ~200μL total volume). After 30min, mice were either injected with PBS or 5μg/g body weight lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dissolved in PBS. After 2h, mice were sacrificed by CO2 and blood was collected via heart puncture. Peritoneal lavage and spleen were harvested. |
Dosage form | 50μg/g; ip; single injection |
Applications | D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid regulates local and systemic inflammatory responses in vivo. |
References: | |
| Cas No. | 13095-47-1 | SDF | |
| 别名 | R-2-羟基戊二酸,(R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate; (R)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid; (R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acid | ||
| 化学名 | 2R-hydroxy-pentanedioic acid | ||
| Canonical SMILES | OC([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)O)=O | ||
| 分子式 | C5H8O5 | 分子量 | 148.1 |
| 溶解度 | 75mg/mL in Water (Need ultrasonic); Insoluble in DMSO | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
 |
1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 6.7522 mL | 33.761 mL | 67.5219 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.3504 mL | 6.7522 mL | 13.5044 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.6752 mL | 3.3761 mL | 6.7522 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet